Pathology. What is pathology?

1. Pathology

Министерство здравоохранения Свердловской области
Краснотурьинский филиал
Государственного бюджетного профессионального образовательного учреждения
«Свердловский областной медицинский колледж» (ГБПОУ «СОМК»)
Дважды Лауреат премий Правительства РФ в области качества
PATHOLOGY
Выполнил: Круглов Максим
Группа: 301Ф
Специальность: Лечебное дело
Краснотурьинск 2025

2. What is pathology?

WHAT IS PATHOLOGY?
**Definition of Pathology:**
Pathology is the scientific study of diseases, their causes,
mechanisms of development, and the changes that occur in
the body as a result of illness. It serves as the foundation for
understanding medicine and clinical practice.

3.

Main Objectives of Pathology:**
1. **Studying Changes in Anatomy and Physiology:**
- Pathology examines how diseases affect the structure (anatomy) and
function (physiology) of organs and tissues.
- For example, in pneumonia, lung tissue undergoes changes that impair
respiratory function.
2. **Analyzing the Body’s Response to Disease:**
- The body responds to illness through various mechanisms, such as
inflammation, immune responses, and compensatory processes.
- For instance, during an infection, the body may raise its temperature to
fight off pathogens.

4. Ulcer

ULCER
**Definition of an Ulcer:**
An ulcer is a shallow breach in the skin or mucous membrane, affecting the upper layers
of tissue. It can occur in various parts of the body, including the skin, stomach,
intestines, or mouth.
**Characteristics of an Ulcer:**
1. **Pain:**
- Ulcers are often painful, especially when exposed to irritants (e.g., food or the
external environment).
2. **Bleeding:**
- The surface of an ulcer may bleed due to damage to blood vessels.
3. **Inflammation:**
- Redness and swelling around the ulcer are common, caused by the body’s
inflammatory response.

5.

**Causes of Ulcers:**
- Infections (e.g., Helicobacter pylori in stomach ulcers).
- Chronic diseases (e.g., diabetes or varicose veins).
- Trauma or prolonged pressure on the skin (e.g., bedsores).
- Chemical or thermal burns.
**Examples of Ulcers:**
- **Stomach Ulcer:** Damage to the stomach lining.
- **Skin Ulcer:** Caused by poor circulation or infections.
- **Corneal Ulcer:** Damage to the surface of the eye.
**Diagnosis and Treatment:**
- Diagnosis involves examination, tests (e.g., for infections), and sometimes a biopsy.
- Treatment depends on the cause: antibiotics, anti-inflammatory drugs, protective
ointments, or surgery.

6. Cyst

CYST
**Definition of a Cyst:**
A cyst is an abnormal sac-like structure filled with fluid, air, or other materials. It can develop in soft tissues, bones,
or organs.
**Characteristics of a Cyst:**
1. **Structure:**
- A cyst has a wall (capsule) and internal content (fluid, pus, air).
2. **Size:**
- Cysts are usually small but can grow over time.
3. **Location:**
- They can occur anywhere in the body: skin, liver, kidneys, ovaries, bones.
**Causes of Cysts:**
- Congenital abnormalities (e.g., dermoid cysts).
- Blockage of gland ducts (e.g., sebaceous cysts).
- Inflammatory processes or infections.
- Trauma or hormonal imbalances.

7.

**Examples of Cysts:**
- **Ovarian Cyst:** A fluid-filled sac in the ovary.
- **Sebaceous Cyst (Epidermoid Cyst):** Caused by blockage of a
sebaceous gland.
- **Bone Cyst:** A cavity in bone tissue, often seen in children.
**Symptoms of Cysts:**
- Many cysts are asymptomatic.
- If they grow large, they may cause pain, pressure on nearby organs, or
visible deformities.
**Diagnosis and Treatment:**
- Diagnosis involves ultrasound, MRI, CT scans, or biopsy.
- Treatment depends on the type and size of the cyst: observation,
medication, or surgical removal.

8. Tumor

TUMOR
**Definition of a Tumor:**
A tumor is an abnormal mass of tissue resulting from uncontrolled cell growth. It can be benign or malignant and
can develop in any tissue or organ.
**Characteristics of a Tumor:**
1. **Benign Tumors:**
- Grow slowly and do not invade nearby tissues.
- Usually not life-threatening but may cause discomfort or compress organs.
2. **Malignant Tumors (Cancer):**
- Grow rapidly, invade surrounding tissues, and can spread throughout the body (metastasis).
- Pose a serious threat to life.
**Causes of Tumors:**
- Genetic mutations.
- Exposure to carcinogens (tobacco, radiation, chemicals).
- Viral infections (e.g., human papillomavirus).
- Chronic inflammatory processes.

9.

**Examples of Tumors:**
- **Benign:**
- Lipoma (fat tissue tumor).
- Fibroma (connective tissue tumor).
- **Malignant:**
- Lung cancer, breast cancer, skin cancer.
**Symptoms of Tumors:**
- Benign tumors may be painless but cause visible changes (e.g., lumps under the skin).
- Malignant tumors often cause pain, weight loss, fatigue, and other systemic symptoms.
**Diagnosis and Treatment:**
- Diagnosis involves examination, biopsy, ultrasound, MRI, CT scans.
- Treatment depends on the type of tumor: surgical removal, chemotherapy, radiation
therapy, or immunotherapy.

10. Cancer

CANCER
**Definition of Cancer:**
Cancer is a malignant tumor that arises from uncontrolled cell growth and division. It can invade surrounding
tissues and spread throughout the body via blood and lymphatic systems (metastasis).
**Characteristics of Cancer:**
1. **Aggressive Growth:**
- Cancer cells divide rapidly, forming a tumor.
2. **Invasiveness:**
- Cancer invades and destroys nearby tissues.
3. **Metastasis:**
- Cancer cells can break away from the primary tumor and spread to other organs.
**Causes of Cancer:**
- Genetic mutations.
- Exposure to carcinogens (smoking, ultraviolet radiation, chemicals).
- Viral infections (e.g., human papillomavirus or Epstein-Barr virus).
- Chronic inflammatory processes (e.g., hepatitis or gastritis).

11.

**Examples of Cancer:**
- **Lung Cancer:** Linked to smoking and air pollution.
- **Breast Cancer:** One of the most common cancers in women.
- **Skin Cancer:** Often caused by excessive UV exposure.
**Symptoms of Cancer:**
- Lumps or tumors on the body.
- Unexplained weight loss.
- Chronic fatigue.
- Persistent pain.
- Changes in organ function (e.g., coughing in lung cancer).
**Diagnosis and Treatment:**
- Diagnosis involves biopsy, blood tests, ultrasound, MRI, CT scans.
- Treatment depends on the stage and type of cancer: surgical removal, chemotherapy, radiation
therapy, immunotherapy, or targeted therapy.

12. Congenital defects

CONGENITAL DEFECTS
Definition of Congenital Defects:**
Congenital defects are developmental abnormalities present from birth. They can affect
various organs and systems in the body.
**Characteristics of Congenital Defects:**
1. **Origin:**
- Occur during fetal development.
2. **Causes:**
- Genetic mutations.
- Exposure to harmful factors during pregnancy (alcohol, drugs, infections).
3. **Manifestations:**
- Can be mild (not affecting quality of life) or severe (requiring medical intervention).

13.

**Examples of Congenital Defects:**
- **Heart Defects:** Abnormalities in the structure or function of the heart.
- **Cleft Palate:** A gap in the roof of the mouth, leading to speech and feeding difficulties.
- **Spina Bifida:** A defect in the development of the spine and spinal cord.
**Causes of Congenital Defects:**
- Genetic factors (heredity).
- Exposure to toxins (alcohol, smoking, drugs).
- Infections during pregnancy (e.g., rubella).
- Nutritional deficiencies (e.g., lack of folic acid).
**Diagnosis and Treatment:**
- Diagnosis involves ultrasound during pregnancy, genetic testing, and postnatal
examinations.
- Treatment depends on the type of defect: surgery, therapy, or rehabilitation.

14. Disease Diagnosis

DISEASE DIAGNOSIS
**Definition of Diagnosis:**
Diagnosis is the process of identifying diseases based on symptoms, examinations, and
tests. It plays a crucial role in determining the cause of an illness and selecting the
appropriate treatment.
**Main Diagnostic Methods:**
1. **Physical Examination:**
- The doctor assesses the patient’s general condition and checks for visible symptoms
(e.g., rash, tumors).
2. **Laboratory Tests:**
- Blood, urine, and other biological samples are analyzed to detect abnormalities.
3. **Instrumental Methods:**
- Use of equipment to visualize internal organs (e.g., ultrasound, X-ray, MRI).

15.

**Limitations of Diagnosis:**
- Not all diseases can be detected through physical examination or X-rays.
- Some conditions require more advanced methods, such as biopsies or
genetic testing.
**Examples of Diagnostic Procedures:**
- **Blood Test:** Detects infections, anemia, metabolic disorders.
- **Ultrasound:** Examines abdominal organs, heart, blood vessels.
- **X-ray:** Diagnoses fractures, lung diseases.
**Importance of Diagnosis:**
- Allows for accurate identification of the disease.
- Helps in choosing effective treatment.
- Early diagnosis can prevent complications

16. Biopsy

BIOPSY
**Definition of Biopsy:**
A biopsy is a medical procedure in which a small sample of tissue or cells is taken for further examination
under a microscope. It is used to confirm a diagnosis, especially in cases of suspected tumors or other
serious conditions.
**Purpose of a Biopsy:**
- Clarifying a diagnosis.
- Determining the type of tumor (benign or malignant).
- Assessing the extent of tissue damage.
**Types of Biopsy:**
1. **Incisional Biopsy:**
- Removal of a portion of tissue or tumor.
2. **Excisional Biopsy:**
- Complete removal of a tumor or affected area.
3. **Needle Biopsy:**
- Use of a needle to collect cells or fluid.

17.

**Biopsy Procedure:**
1. **Preparation:**
- The patient may undergo blood tests or imaging (ultrasound, MRI).
2. **Sample Collection:**
- Performed under local or general anesthesia, depending on the location.
3. **Examination:**
- The sample is sent to a laboratory for histological or cytological analysis.
**Examples of Biopsy Use:**
- Diagnosing cancer (e.g., breast cancer, lung cancer).
- Investigating liver diseases (e.g., hepatitis, cirrhosis).
- Confirming autoimmune diseases (e.g., lupus).
**Advantages of Biopsy:**
- High diagnostic accuracy.
- Ability to determine the stage and type of disease.
**Risks of Biopsy:**
- Bleeding or infection at the site of collection.
- Discomfort or pain after the procedure

18. Conclusion

CONCLUSION
**The Future of Pathology:**
- Advancements in molecular and genetic diagnostics.
- Use of artificial intelligence for data analysis.
- Integration of pathology with other medical disciplines for more precise
diagnosis.
**Final Message:**
Pathology remains a vital tool in the fight against diseases. Its evolution
opens new possibilities for medicine, making treatment more
personalized and effective

19. Pathology

Министерство здравоохранения Свердловской области
Краснотурьинский филиал
Государственного бюджетного профессионального образовательного учреждения
«Свердловский областной медицинский колледж» (ГБПОУ «СОМК»)
Дважды Лауреат премий Правительства РФ в области качества
PATHOLOGY
Выполнил: Круглов Максим
Группа: 301Ф
Специальность: Лечебное дело
Краснотурьинск 2025