Electronic centralized aircraft monitoring

1.

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ECAM System
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2.

The ECAM system keeps a
watchful eye on all of the aircraft
systems monitoring them for any
abnormal states.
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3.

If
something
abnormal
is
detected ECAM will alert the pilots
and provide an electronic checklist
to help handle the abnormality.
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4.

The two ECAM displays, the E/WD
and the SD, are where the ECAM
system provides normal and abnormal
system information to the pilots.
Engine/Warning
Display
System
Display
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5.

Color coding is used on the ECAM
screens for clarity and to aid identification
of abnormal parameters. The main colors
used are:
• White,
• Blue,
• Green,
• Amber,
• Red.
During the course, you will become
familiar with the use of this color coding.
Let’s start with the last 3, Green, Amber,
and Red, which are the most important.
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6.

Green color coding is used to
indicate a normal condition. Notice
that on the E/WD and the SD shown,
all indications are normal.
= NORMAL
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7.

Amber color coding is reserved for
abnormal indications that require
crew awareness, but not immediate
crew action.
Notice on the E/WD, the amber
failure message and on the SD the
amber indications.
= ABNORMAL
AWARENESS
NOT IMMEDIATE ACTION
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8.

Red color coding is reserved for
serious parameter exceedance and
warnings that require immediate crew
action.
Notice on the E/WD, the red
parameter indication and the red
warning message.
Let’s now look at the two ECAM
displays in a little more detail.
= WARNING
IMMEDIATE CREW ACTION
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9.

The E/WD is divided into two main
parts. The upper area is used for the
main engine parameters, Fuel on
Board, and Slat/Flap position. These
indications will be discussed in the
appropriate system modules.
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10.

Under normal conditions, the lower part of the E/WD
is used to display MEMO. In the example shown the
memos indicate that the seat belt and no smoking
signs are switched on and that the APU is available for
use.
Memo Messages
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11.

If failures occur Warning/Caution messages are
displayed in place of the memos. In the example shown
there is an amber caution message with a series of blue
action items. These action items are your electronic
checklist to respond to the particular abnormal
situation
Warnings/Caution Messages
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12.

The SD is used to display particular system information. In the example
shown the CRUISE page is displayed. This is the page normally seen for the
majority of the time that the aircraft is airborne. Information, that is useful
during flight, from several systems is displayed.
The individual indications will be covered in the appropriate system
modules.
CRUISE
Page
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13.

The SD can also be used to display synoptic diagrams of
the aircraft systems, System pages. In the example shown
the hydraulics system page has been called.
You will see later how these system pages are called
either manually or automatically.
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14.

An aircraft STATUS page may be displayed on the SD to check the
state of the aircraft. A NORMAL message is displayed to indicate that the
aircraft state is normal and that there are no inoperative systems.
Let’s see what the STATUS page looks like when things are not normal,
for example, following a system failure.
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15.

Limitations
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16.

Limitations
Approach
Procedures
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17.

Limitations
Approach
Procedures
Information
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18.

The information displayed on the STATUS page will vary depending on
the failure but as an example can include:
• Limitations,
• Approach procedures including actions and corrections,
• Information,
• Inoperative systems.
Limitations
Approach
Procedures
Inoperative Systems
Information
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19.

The area at the bottom of any SD
contains permanent data:
• Total Air Temperature (TAT),
• Static Air Temperature (SAT),
• Time,
• Gross Weight.
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20.

Individual airlines can choose which units they wish to use for
certain parameters on the ECAM screens. In the examples shown we
have highlighted the areas on the screens where the units used differ.
US UNITS
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21.

Because these indications are only mentioned in a few areas of the
ground school course, we will use boxes to indicate that the units may
differ depending on your airlines’ choice. The boxes mean that the
information in this area of the screen is irrelevant to the system being
studied. When a system, for example Fuel, is being studied then
appropriate unit values will be shown.
US UNITS
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ECAM System
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22.

Under normal conditions the
ECAM system provides the pilots
with the information that they “Need
to Know” for the particular phase of
flight, no more no less.
As an example during the
approach when the landing gear is
extended the ECAM WHEEL system
page is automatically displayed.
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23.

The ECAM system divides the various stages of a flight
into phases, from initial electrical power up until after
engine shutdown.
The ECAM system will avoid alerting the pilots
unnecessarily during the critical flight phases of take off and
landing. The warnings and cautions that can be delayed
until a less critical phase of flight will be inhibited.
Take Off
Landing
Electrical
power up
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shut down
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ECAM System
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24.

We will now look at the different
ways that the ECAM system advises
you when things are not going
exactly right. We will start with a
minor advice indication and work up
to a major fault, concentrating on the
two ECAM screens.
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25.

If a system parameter, for example an
engine vibration level, approaches a limit
the ECAM system will advise you of this
by displaying the relevant system page on
the SD. The affected parameter will pulse.
Notice that at this stage, the parameter is
still shown in green since it is still within
normal limits.
This is known as an ECAM ADVISORY.
Now let’s look at what happens when
ECAM detects a minor system failure.
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26.

When a failure occurs leading to a
loss of redundancy or loss of a
system that does not affect the safety
of the flight, for example DFDR
FAULT, the ECAM system will inform
you by displaying an amber
CAUTION message on the E/WD.
At the same time the two CLEAR
keys on the ECAM control panel will
illuminate.
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27.

The first action is to ensure that
the aircraft is on a safe flight path.
This fault only requires crew
awareness so if required the
handling of the fault can be delayed.
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28.

Normally the PNF carries out the
ECAM procedure while the PF is
responsible for the aircraft flight
path. For this exercise you are the
PNF.
Read the title of the failure, in this
case “RECORDER DFDR FAULT”.
The PF will ask you to perform
ECAM actions.
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29.

In this case there are no actions
required so, after confirmation from
the PF, the caution message can be
cleared by pressing one of the
CLEAR keys on the ECAM Control
Panel.
Press a CLEAR key
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30.

As a result of pressing either
CLEAR key the Caution message has
been cleared from the E/WD and the
STATUS
page
is
displayed
automatically.
In this example you can see that
the inoperative system is the DFDR.
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31.

On the ECAM control panel the
STATUS key is illuminated along with
the two CLEAR keys.
When safe to do so the STATUS
page is reviewed by both pilots. After
confirmation from the PF the STATUS
page is cleared by pressing either the
STS key or one of the CLR keys.
Clear the STATUS page
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32.

Notice that:
• on the E/WD there is a boxed STS
caption to tell you that there is
information on the STATUS page,
• on the ECAM control panel there
are no lights.
The ECAM actions for the DFDR
fault are complete.
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33.

We will now look at what happens
when a slightly more serious fault is
detected by ECAM. The fault that we
will use is an overheat of the Blue
Hydraulic system reservoir. We will
concentrate on the use of the ECAM
system, how it alerts you, and how it
helps you to deal with the fault. The
hydraulic indications themselves will
be covered in the appropriate
modules.
Click on the forward arrow to
initiate the failure.
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34.

When the fault occurs the ECAM system
alerts the crew aurally and visually. You will
hear a single chime and see the MASTER
CAUTION lights. To cancel the MASTER
CAUTION lights, and reset the alerting system,
one of the MASTER CAUTION pb must be
pressed.
Extinguish the Master Caution light
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35.

The MASTER CAUTION is extinguished and
the alerting system is reset.
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36.

= ABNORMAL
AWARENESS
NOT IMMEDIATE ACTION
The first priority is always to ensure the safe
flight path of the aircraft before dealing with the
fault. The MASTER CAUTION means that the
abnormal situation needs crew awareness but
not immediate action.
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37.

The indications are:
• A failure message on the E/WD,
• The system synoptic associated
with the fault is automatically
displayed on the SD,
• The Clear keys on the ECAM
control panel light up.
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38.

Let’s study the details on the E/WD
first. The system title is underlined,
in this case HYDraulics, and the fault
is shown alongside, Blue ReSerVoiR
OVerHeaT. Notice that abbreviations
are used.
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39.

If you look carefully at the
Hydraulic system display you will
notice an amber OVHT message is
displayed. This abnormal indication
is how the fault is shown on the
system synoptic.
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40.

The PF will ask you to perform the
ECAM actions. In this example there
is a blue action line on the E/WD
telling you to switch off the Blue
Electrical Pump.
Let’s check the overhead panel.
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41.

On the overhead panel an amber
fault light has illuminated on the
Hydraulic control panel.
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42.

The fault light on the HYD panel
helps you to locate the switch to be
operated. We will carry out the action
for you.
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43.

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44.

When the pump is switched off the
action line is removed. The Blue
hydraulic system depressurizes, as
shown on the HYD page by the
amber indications.
The
ECAM
system detects the drop in pressure
and generates a further alert.
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45.

You hear the chime and see the Master
Caution lights.
Extinguish the Master Caution lights
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46.

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47.

There is now a new abnormal
message on the E/WD , B SYS LO PR.
The message is boxed to indicate
that the loss of the blue hydraulic
system is classed as a Primary
failure that will affect other systems.
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48.

The systems affected are shown
on the right of the E/WD as starred
items called Secondary failures.
In this example the Primary failure
of the Blue hydraulic system has
caused a Secondary failure of Flight
Controls.
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49.

After review and confirmation from
the PF the Hydraulic failure message
on the E/WD can be cleared.
Clear the HYDRAULICS message.
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50.

Notice that normal memos have
returned on the left side of the E/WD.
The ECAM F/CTL system page is
displayed
on
the
SD
which
corresponds to the secondary failure
item on the E/WD .
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51.

On the ECAM F/CTL page, notice
that the controls affected by the loss
of Blue hydraulics have amber
indications. These indications will be
discussed in the Hydraulic and Flight
Control modules.
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52.

After review and confirmation from
the PF the Flight Control secondary
failure message can be cleared.
Clear F/CTL
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53.

Notice that the secondary failure
indication on the E/WD is removed.
The STATUS page is now
displayed containing several pieces
of information.
The first area gives procedures to
be applied for approach, Landing
distance
factors,
and
other
information.
You will study the
procedures in the appropriate system
lessons.
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54.

In this example the inoperative
systems are:
• CAT 3, which means that Category
3 autoland is not available,
• BLUE HYD, the system was
switched off during the ECAM
procedure,
• SPLR 3, the spoilers that are
inoperative because there is no blue
hydraulic pressure.
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55.

The STATUS page is reviewed by
both pilots. After confirmation from
the PF the STATUS page can be
cleared.
Clear the STATUS page
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56.

The ECAM actions for a Blue
Hydraulic Reservoir Overheat are
complete. Notice that the STATUS
reminder is displayed at the bottom
of the E/WD reminding you that there
is information on the STATUS page.
This is important since there were
approach procedures to be applied.
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57.

If it contains information, the
ECAM system automatically recalls
the STATUS page
during the
approach phase when the slats are
extended. This is done so that if
there are any items affecting the
approach and landing they will be
presented to you at an early stage.
You can see that in the example
shown
there
are
approach
procedures. You will see how these
approach procedures are applied
later in the course.
Clear the STATUS page.
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58.

The STATUS page is cleared and
the CRUISE page is displayed.
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59.

So far we have looked at how the ECAM system advises you of minor failures.
We will now look at what happens when there is a serious failure that requires
immediate action. To demonstrate this we will use an Engine Fire. As before we
will not concentrate on the system failure but on ECAM indications and
procedures.
Be ready to cancel the warning by pressing a MASTER WARNING pb.
Click on the forward arrow to initiate the failure.
= WARNING
IMMEDIATE CREW ACTION
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60.

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ECAM System
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61.

When the fault occurs the ECAM system
alerts the crew aurally and visually. You hear a
continuous repetitive chime and see the
MASTER WARNING lights flashing. Press one
of the the MASTER WARNING pb to:
• cancel the MASTER WARNING lights,
• stop the chimes,
• reset the alerting system.
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62.

On the E/WD the red message
ENG 1 FIRE and the associated
procedure are displayed.
The red indications on the FIRE
panel and the ENG panel provide
confirmation and identification of
the affected engine.
The
ENGINE
page
has
automatically been called on the
SD, and in this example the nacelle
temperature is pulsing.
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63.

Notice that there is a red LAND
ASAP message on the E/WD. This
means that ECAM has determined
that the fault detected is serious
enough to require a landing as
soon as possible.
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64.

The PF maintains control of the
aircraft and asks you, as PNF, to
start the procedure. We will do the
ECAM actions for you starting with
setting thrust lever 1 to idle.
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65.

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66.

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67.

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68.

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69.

The next line on the ECAM
procedure is now carried out.
We will switch engine 1 off for
you.
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70.

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71.

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72.

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73.

After switching ENG 1 off, the
after
ENG
1
SHUT
DOWN
procedure is shown on the E/WD.
Notice that the amber caution
message has appeared below the
red warning. This happens because
you have to finish the engine fire
procedure before carrying out the
actions for ENG 1 SHUTDOWN. The
ECAM system has automatically
allocated priority to the warning.
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74.

As a result of switching off the
engine there are now secondary
failures.
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75.

The next ECAM action is to push
the engine 1 fire pb. We will do this
for you.
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76.

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77.

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78.

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79.

Notice that there is a white line
in the abnormal checklist. In this
example there is a delay in
discharging the agent to let the
engine spool down. We have
paused the countdown at 10
seconds.
To
continue
the
countdown click on the forward
arrow.
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80.

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81.

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82.

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83.

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84.

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85.

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86.

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87.

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88.

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89.

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90.

When
the
countdown
is
complete
a blue action line
appears telling you to discharge
the first fire bottle. We will do this
for you.
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91.

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92.

The next action line is to notify
ATC.
Since the ECAM system can not
tell when you are talking there is no
feedback so this line will not
disappear.
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93.

Notice that we still have a red fire
indication which means that the fire
is
not
extinguished.
Another
condition line has appeared and a
second countdown automatically
starts. This one is 30 seconds long.
We have paused the countdown.
To continue the countdown click
on the forward arrow.
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94.

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95.

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96.

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97.

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98.

Agent 1 managed to extinguish the
fire. The countdown for agent 2
stopped immediately.
Notice that:
• the ENG FIRE procedure on the
ECAM disappeared. This means the
fire is out,
• the local warnings on the FIRE
panel and the ENG panel are no
longer illuminated, confirming that
the fire is out,
• LAND ASAP has changed from
red to amber which means that ECAM
has determined that the fault is less
critical, but still requires a landing as
soon as possible.
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99.

The remaining steps are similar to
those seen for an ECAM CAUTION
so we will stop here.
You have seen that the ECAM
system has provided a smart and
interactive checklist to help you deal
with a major problem.
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100.

So far the messages and
procedures displayed on the E/WD
have not been more than 7 lines, so
we have had room to display them
all. Let’s look at how ECAM copes
with a long procedure.
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101.

In this example of the indications for
an engine fire on the ground there is an
overflow arrow to indicate that there is
more information to be seen.
For training purposes we have shown
the rest of the procedure below the
E/WD.
We will complete the ECAM
actions and you will see the associated
line of the procedure disappear.
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102.

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103.

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104.

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105.

As actions are completed the rest of
the information will be displayed and the
overflow arrow will be removed.
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106.

On the STATUS page an overflow
arrow also indicates that there is further
information to be seen on a second
page. By pressing a CLEAR key the
next page can be displayed.
Press a CLEAR key
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107.

The second page of STATUS
information is displayed. Notice that the
list of inoperative systems has not
changed and that there is still an
overflow arrow.
Press a CLEAR key
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108.

The second page of inoperative
systems is displayed. There is still an
overflow arrow indicating that there is
more to be seen.
Press a CLEAR key
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109.

The last page of inoperative systems
is displayed and the overflow arrow is
removed.
If you want to display the
first
STATUS page again the STS key can be
pressed.
Press the STS key
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110.

We are now back at the first STATUS
page again.
You will have the opportunity to
practice the moving between STATUS
pages in the simulator so we will stop
here.
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111.

To summarize; initially you see all the
information on the left side of the
STATUS page, and then all the
inoperative systems on the right.
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112.

To complete this module let’s briefly
look at ECAM priority. We will only use
the bottom part of the E/WD for this
demonstration.
You are part way through the ENG 1
FIRE procedure when ECAM detects
another failure.
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113.

The low priority RECORDER DFDR
FAULT has appeared below the higher
priority ENG 1 FIRE and ENG 1
SHUTDOWN procedures.
Unfortunately it is one of those days
and another failure occurs.
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114.

The AP OFF warning has appeared
above the ENG 1 FIRE procedure. ECAM
has automatically assigned priority to
the AP OFF message because the first
priority is always to fly the aircraft!
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115.

The low priority RECORDER DFDR
fault is now off the screen. You are
advised that the fault is there by the unstarred RECORDER text in the right
hand column of the E/WD and the green
overflow arrow.
We will clear the AUTO FLT AP OFF
warning for you.
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116.

The
RECORDER
DFDR
FAULT
message is back at the bottom of the
E/WD and the RECORDER text has been
removed from the right hand column.
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117.

In this module we have discussed
the ECAM system. You have seen the
various failure levels and how the ECAM
system alerts, indicates, and helps you
deal with a failure.
Throughout the ground school
course, and during your simulator
sessions, you will have the opportunity
to practice ECAM procedures.
Module Complete
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118.

LIST OF SUBJECTS
ENGINE/WARNING DISPLAY
SYSTEM DISPLAY
FAILURE HANDLING
OVERFLOW ARROW
AUDIO
GLOSSARY
RETURN
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