Humanity grammar: nouns. Lesson 2

1. LESSON 2:

THEME OF SPECIALITY: HUMANITY
GRAMMAR: NOUNS
TOPIC: ON THE MENU.

2. pros and cons of human influence on nature

PROS AND
CONS OF
HUMAN
INFLUENCE
ON NATURE

3. Pros of human influence on nature:

• creation of parks and reserves to preserve rare
species of animals and plants;
• creation of treatment facilities;
• maintenance of dry areas, artificial irrigation.
• Humanity is trying to create a
replacement for
natural sources of resources, improving
the methods of mining

4. Cons of human influence on nature:

• the destruction of many species of animals, deforestation;
• air pollution;
• the release of chemical fertilizers and
waste into water and land.
• Poaching, hunting, catching immature fish species.
As a result, certain species of fauna do not have time
to replenish, and the extinction or complete disappearance
of animals is observed.

5. Nouns

Proper nouns
собственные
Moscow, Sunday,
Jane
concrete nouns
конкретные
chair, butter, cat
Common nouns
abstract nouns
нарицательные
абстрактные
dog, rain, kindness
meeting, winter
animate nouns
одушевленные
rat, girl
inanimate nouns
неодушевленные
door, chair

6. Образование существительных

1. Префиксальное (с помощью приставок)
dis
discontent (недовольство)
mis
misfortune (несчастье)
2. Суффиксальное (с помощью суффиксов)
a) от основ сущ.
ship
relationship (отношения)
(i) an
Russian (москвич(ка))
b) от основ прилагательных
ness happiness (счастье)
dom boredom (скука)

7. Nouns

c) От основ глаголов
ment department (отдел)
tion
condition (состояние)
3. Cловосложение
a) сущ. + сущ. rainbow (радуга)
b) прил. +сущ. blackboard (классная доска )
c) нар. + сущ. afternoon (время после полудня)
d) гл. + сущ.
knitwear (трикотаж)
e) сущ. + гл.
handshake (рукопожатие)
4. Конверсия
a) переход гл. в сущ.
to laugh (смеяться)
laugh (смех)
b) прил. в сущ.
Young (молодой)
the young (молодежь)

8. The Category of Number

Singular
(ед.ч.)
+(e)s
book + s = books
class + es = classes
1. Use es after - s, -x, -sh, -ch, -tch, -o
a potato
potatoes
But mind! a piano pianos
a photo photos
2. Согласная + y
i + es
fly
flies мухи
3. Гласная +y
гласная + y + -s
a monkey monkeys
plural
(мн.ч.)
4. Change f v + es
a leaf - leaves
But mind!
a roof roofs
a handkerchief handkerchiefs
a chief chiefs
a safe safes

9. Nouns. Exceptions.

A man - men
A tooth - teeth
A goose - geese
A child - children
A deer - deer
a woman - women
a foot - feet
a mouse - mice
an ox - oxen
a sheep - sheep

10. Nouns

countable
(исчисляемые)
вещества и
материалы
sugar
Flour
Water
Milk
Paper
Bear
(всегда в
ед.ч.)
It is
uncountable
(неисчисляемые)
абстрактные научные
собирательные
в ед.ч.
термины
во мн.ч.
death
mathematics equipment
data
news
truth
economics machinery
goods information
health
linguistics mail
cattle
advice
fight
physics
fruit
police
knowledge
music
politics
traffic
youth
progress
light
luggage
(They are)work
hope
rubbish
мн.ч. weather
love
accommodation
furniture
(в ед. ч. It is) statistics – искл. (мн. ч.)
money

11. Case (падеж)

the common
case
(общий падеж)
the possessive
case
(притяжательный падеж)
Обычно с одушевленными сущ.
the child’s toy игрушка ребенка
The possessive case
Singular
‘s
plural
‘
Teacher’s book книга учителя
dogs’ tails хвосты собак
the children’s books книги детей
the student’s books=the books of the students
книги студентов
Have you been to the doctor’s? = to the doctor’s place
I ‘m going from the baker’s. = from the baker’s shop

12. Gender (род)

-ess
-ine
Actor
actress
Waiter waitress
Hero heroine
He – wolf волк
She – wolf волчица
salesman saleswoman
boy – friend
girl - friend
he
brother
she
sister
boy
girl
man woman
it
cat, child, baby
The milk is in the cup. It is in the cup.
Молоко в чашке. Оно в чашке.