Word building

1. word building

WORD BUILDING

2. Types of word-building

MAJOR
AFFIXATION
(суф, преф)
COMPOSITION
(сложение слов)
CONVERSION
(из гл в сущ и обратно)
MINOR
SHORTENING (сокр)
ABBREVIATING (буквы)
BLENDING
(совмещение)
SOUND
INTERCHANGE (синг
- сонг)
SOUND IMITATION
(ономатоп)
DISTINCTIVE STRESS
(сущ – гл)
BACK-FORMATION (зад
уходит)
REDUPLICATION
(Culture-vulture)

3. Derived, compound, compound derivative

DERIVED,
COMPOUND,
COMPOUND
DERIVATIVE

4. Derived суффиксы приставки

Derived
Typ es of word-buildingс
суффиксы приставки
Convertive (новое часть
речи получается)
non-convertive (Н: из сущ
снова сущ)
e.g. -er, -al, - ese, -ness are
convertive suffixes; build –
builder (строить – строитель)
-ish (green – greenish зеленый
– зеленоватый) nonconvertive suffixes

5. AFFIXes

5. productivity
e.g. PRODUCTIVE
Noun-forming suffixes: -er, -ing, ness, -ation, -ее, -ism, -to, -ance/ ancy, -ry, -or, -ics
Adjective-forming: -able, -ic, ish, -ed, -less, -y.
Verb-forming: -ize/-ise, -ate, ify
Adverb-forming: -ly
Productive
non-productive
(новое слово создать в наше время можно)
6. frequency
(как часто используется)
Frequent (часто)
unfrequent
NON-PRODUCTIVE
Noun-forming suffixes: -th, -hood, ship
Adjective-forming : -some, -en, -ous.
Verb-forming suffixes: -en

6.

Compound – два или более слов объединили
Through juxtaposition
1. the means of composition
2. the relations between the
components
e.g. heartache
Morphological (грам) e.g. statesman
Syntactic (еще один e.g. forget-me-not
элемент)
Coordinative
Сочинит связь
Subordinate
Подчинит связь
e.g. actor-manager
e.g. a clock tower
Башня какая? часовая

7.

Если слово с суф или приф существует в словаре отдельно - компаунд
!
IC Analysis
compound
words
radio-equipped: 1.
radio +
equipped;
2. equip + ed
compound
derivatives
old-maidish:
1. (old + maid)
+ -ish;
2. old + maid;
*maidish
does not
exist.

8.

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Friendship
stay-at-home
Dislike
yellow-haired
Honeymooner
job-hopper

9. conversion

Если обычно слово сущ, но в тексте использ как глагол
conversion
NOUN
VERB
1) action characteristic of the object: ape n. > ape v. ‘imitate in
a foolish way’;
2) instrumental use of the object: whip n. > whip v. ‘strike with
a whip’;
3) acquisition or addition of the object: fish n. > fish v. ‘catch
fish’;
4) deprivation of the object: dust n. > dust v. ‘remove dust
from smth.’;
5) location: pocket n. > pocket v. ‘put into one’s pocket’.

10.

1) действие, характерное для объекта: ape n. > ape v.
"подражать глупым образом";
2) инструментальное использование объекта: whip n.
> whip v. ‘ударить хлыстом’;
3) приобретение или добавление объекта: fish n. >
fish v. ‘ловить рыбу’;
4) лишение объекта: dust n. > dust v. ‘удалять пыль с
чего-либо’.;
5) местоположение: карман n. > карман v. ‘положить
в карман’.

11. Semantic Relationships in Converted Pairs

VERB
NOUN
1) instance of the action: jump v. >jump n.
2) agent of the action: help v. > help n. ‘a person who helps’;
3) place of the action: drive v. > drive n. ‘a path or road along
which
one drives’;
4) result of the action: peel v. > peel n. ‘the outer skin of fruit
or potatoes
taken off’;
5) object of the action: let v. > let n. ‘a property available for
rent’.

12.

1) пример действия: jump v. >перейти n.
2) исполнитель действия: help v. > help n.
‘человек, который помогает’;
3) место действия: drive v. > drive n. ‘тропинка
или дорога, по которойкто-то едет’;
4) результат действия: очистите v. > очистите n.
‘с фруктов или картофеляснимается внешняя
кожура’;
5) объект действия: let v. > let n. ‘объект
недвижимости, доступ

13. Back-Formation (Reversion)

Убирается окончание и получается другая часть речи
to air-condition (from air-conditioner),
to thought-read (from thought-reader),
to baby-sit (from baby-sitter),

14.

MINOR WAYS of Word-Building
Shortening (Clipping or Curtailment) Сокращение
Apocope (конец)
gym - gymnasium
apheresis
Syncope
(начало)
(середина)
specs - spectacles
story - history
a combination of initial & final clipping
(и начало и конец)
tec - detective
Ellipsis (сокр
слов)
pub (public house)
pop (popular music)
zoo (zoological garden)
taxi (taximeter-cab)
finals (final examinations)

15.

MINOR WAYS of Word-Building
Abbreviation
Acronyms
(читается как
слово)
NATO (North Atlantic Treaty
Organization)
UNESCO — the United Nations
Educational
Scientific and Cultural
Organization
laser — light-wave
amplification by
stimulated
emission of radiation
Alphabetisms
(по буквам)
BBC - the British Broadcasting Corporation
FBI - Federal Bureau of Investigation
MP -Member of Parliament

16. BLENDING

Blendings (blends, fusions or portmanteau words) may be
defined as formation that combine two words that include
the letters or sounds they have in common as a connecting
element (slimnastics < slim+gymnasttcs).
Объединение двух слов, у которых есть похожая буква или звук

17. Onomatopoeia

Onomatopoeia (sound-imitation, echoism) is the naming
of an action or thing by a more or less exact
reproduction of a natural sound associated with it
(babble, crow, twitter).
Semantically, many verbs denote sounds produced by
human beings in the process of communication or in
expressing their feelings (babble, chatter, giggle, grumble,
murmur, mutter, titter, whisper).
There are sounds produced by animals, birds and insects
(buzz, cackle, croak, crow, hiss, howl, moo, mew, roar).
There are verbs imitating the sound of water (bubble,
splash), there are others imitating the noise of metallic
things (clink, tinkle) or forceful motion (clash, crash,
whack, whip, whisk)...

18.

Direct onomatopoeia is found in words that only
imitate natural sounds: cuckoo, buzz, meow, roar,
etc. Звуки животных и тд
Indirect onomatopoeia через ассимиляцию
…silken sad uncertain rustling of each purple
curtain…
The repetition of the sound [s] actually produces the
sound of the rustling of the curtain.
«И шёлковый, печальный, неуверенный, Шорох
каждой пурпурной шторы» (E.A.Poe).

19. Stress interchange (distinctive stress, the shift of stress) and sound interchange

To form a new word the stress of the word is shifted to
a new syllable.
It mostly occurs in nouns and verbs.
Some phonetic changes may accompany the shift of the
stress.
export – to export, increase – to increase
to break – breach
long – length
У сущ на первый слог, у глагола на последний

20.

1. Channel 5 will televise it in New York
2. I heard her name his name.
3. Ever seen a ghost or a UFO?
4. The doc said to take the medicine three times a
day
5. - You made a woman meow?
6. Slanguage is by no means alone in its thinking.

21. Borrowed words

BORROWED WORDS
Fully assimilated
Not at all
Partially assimilated (not assimilated:
Phonetically (произношение ch – к Archipelago (Греция)
2. Graphically (ударение) regime
3. Grammatically (окончание) datum-data
1.