Кср 2. Methods of lexicological analysis

1. КСР 2 Methods of Lexicological Analysis

2. Plan:

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Contrastive Analysis.
Statistical Analysis.
Immediate Constituents
Analysis.
Distributional Analysis.
Transformational Analysis.
Componential Analysis.

3. List of Terms:

contrastive
analysis
statistical analysis
immediate constituents
analysis
distributional analysis
transformational analysis
componential analysis

4. The process of scientific investigation may be subdivided into several stages:

1. observation (the
collection of data)
2. classification (orderly
arrangement of the data
obtained through
observation)

5. Example: English nouns

-er is added to verbal stems (speak
+ -er), noun stems (village + -er),
the same morpheme in mother,
father. But they haven’t a suffix
-er can be found in derived and
non-derived words

6.

3. generalisation (the
formulation of a
hypothesis, rule, or
law)

7. Example: The rule:

derived nouns in -er may have
either verbal or noun stems.
The suffix -er in combination
with adjectival or adverbial
stems
cannot
form
nouns
(bigger, longer are not nouns).

8.

4. verification
(to seek
evidence of the
correctness of the
generalizations that
are the result of the
inquires)

9. Various methods of lexicological research are used for classification, generalization and verification:

Various methods of
lexicological research are
used for classification,
generalization and
verification
:
1. Contrastive analysis.
2. Statistical methods of analysis.
3. Immediate Constituents analysis.
4. Distributional analysis.
5. Transformational analysis.
6. Componential analysis.

10.

The selection of this
or that particular
method largely
depends on the goal
set before the
investigator.

11.

Contrastive
analysis

12.

Comparative
linguistics
investigates
those elements
and processes
despite their
surface diversity
that all
languages have
in common.
Contrastive
linguistics
attempts to
find out
similarities and
differences in
both related
and nonrelated
languages.

13. The aim of the contrastive analysis:

a detailed
comparison of the
structure of a native
and a target language

14. Contrastive analysis can be carried out at three linguistic levels:

phonology
grammar
(morphology and
syntax)
lexis (vocabulary)

15.

Contrastive analysis is
the basis of teaching
foreign languages: it helps
to foresee and prevent
recurrent mistakes caused
by the interference of the
learner‘s mother tongue.

16.

новости,
деньги,
волосы
plural
news, money, hair
singular

17.

Contrastive analysis is
generally applied to reveal
the features of sameness
and difference in the lexical
meaning and the semantic
structure of correlated
words in different
languages.

18.

Watch,
clock and часы
Head: the head of a
person, bed or match; in
Russian different words have
to be used: голова
человека, изголовье
кровати, сторона монеты

19.

Statistical
methods of
analysis

20. The aim of the statistical analysis:

the
quantitative evaluation of the
material (different structural types
of words, affixes, vocabularies of
great writers, etc.)
the selection of vocabulary items
of a foreign language for teaching
purposes

21.

Statistical regularities
can be observed only if
the phenomena under
analysis are sufficiently
numerous.

22.

Immediate
Constituents
analysis

23.

The theory of Immediate
Constituents is based on
the idea that combinations
of
units
are
usually
structured into hierarchial
sets
of
binary
constructions (Immediate
Constituents.

24. The aim of the Immediate Constituents analysis:

1. to find out the
morphemic structure
of lexical units

25. Friendliness:

1. is divided into the component
friendly-, occurring in such words
as friendly, friendly-looking, and
the component ness- as in darkness, happy-ness.
2. is divided into friend- and -ly
which are ultimate constituents
(cannot be divided into smaller meaningful
units).

26. The aim of the Immediate Constituents analysis:

2. to determine the
ways in which lexical
units are relevantly
related to one another

27. a black dress in severe style

a black dress | in
severe style
a + black + dress|in +
severe + style

28. Immediate Constituents analysis depends on the meaning of the whole complex: fat major’s wife ?

fat
major’s | wife
fat
| major’s wife

29.

Distributional
Analysis

30. Distribution:

the
position which linguistic
units may occupy in the
flow of speech, or the cooccurrence of units of the
same level: words to words,
morpheme to morphemes

31. The aim of the distributional analysis:

the
investigation of sameness
/ difference of meaning of
words and word-groups
the analysis of wordformation.

32.

The word has different
meanings in different
patterns:
to
treat smb kindly (treat + N
+ Adv) – to behave towards;
to treat smb to ice-cream
(treat + N + to + N) – to supply
with smth at one’s own expense.

33. The boy__________ home.

the missing word is easily
identified as a verb (came,
went, goes, etc.), but not
as an adverb or a noun, or
an adjective

34.

Transformational
Analysis

35. Transformational analysis:

repatterning
(reorganization) of
identical distributional
structures in order to
discover difference or
sameness of their meaning.

36. Example of transformation:

his work is excellent –
his excellent work –
the excellence of his
work –
he works excellently

37. The aim of the transformational analysis:

to
investigate polysemantic
patterns (e.g. compounds which
have the same pattern (n + n)
may have different lexical
meanings: dogfight – a fight
between dogs; dogcart – a cart
drawn by dogs)

38.

Componential
Analysis

39.

In the componential analysis
linguists proceed from the
assumption that the
denotational component of
word meaning can be seen as a
complex cluster of smaller
units - semantic components,
or semes organized in a
componential structure.

40.

man can be described as [+HUMAN]
[+ADULT] [+MALE]
boy as [+HUMAN] [–ADULT]
[+MALE]
woman as [+HUMAN] [+ADULT]
and
[–MALE]
girl as [+HUMAN] [–ADULT] and
[– MALE].

41.

It helps to find out which of
the meanings should be
represented first of all in the
dictionaries of different types
and how the words should be
combined in order to make
your speech sensible.

42. List of Literature:

1. Воробей, А. Н. Глоссарий лингвистических
терминов / А. Н. Воробей, Е. Г. Карапетова. –
Барановичи : УО "БарГУ", 2004. – 108 с.
2. Лексикология английского языка : учебник
для ин-тов и фак-тов иностр. яз. / Р. З.
Гинзбург [и др.] ; под общ. ред. Р. З.
Гинзбург. – 2-е изд., испр. и доп. – М. : Высш.
школа, 1979. – С. 234–261.
3. Лещева, Л. М. Слова в английском языке.
Курс
лексикологии
современного
английского языка : учебник для студ. фак-в
и отдел. английского языка (на англ. яз.) / Л.
М. Лещева. – Минск : Академия управления
при Президенте Республики Беларусь, 2001.
– С. 42–44, 64.