УСР 2

1. УСР 2 Methods of Lexicological Analysis

2. Plan:

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Contrastive Analysis.
Statistical Analysis.
Immediate Constituents Analysis.
Distributional Analysis.
Transformational Analysis.
Componential Analysis.

3. List of Terms:

contrastive analysis
statistical analysis
immediate constituents analysis
distributional analysis
transformational analysis
componential analysis

4. The process of scientific investigation may be subdivided into several stages:

1. observation (the collection of
data)
2. classification (orderly
arrangement of the data
obtained through observation)

5. Example: English nouns

-er is added to verbal stems (speak + -er),
noun stems (village + -er),
the same morpheme in mother, father.
But they haven’t a suffix
-er can be found in derived and non-
derived words

6.

3. generalisation (the
formulation of a hypothesis,
rule, or law)

7. Example: The rule:

derived nouns in -er may have
either verbal or noun stems.
The suffix -er in combination with
adjectival or adverbial stems
cannot form nouns (bigger, longer are
not nouns).

8.

4. verification (to seek
evidence of the
correctness of the
generalizations that are
the result of the inquires)

9. Various methods of lexicological research are used for classification, generalization and verification:

1. Contrastive analysis.
2. Statistical methods of analysis.
3. Immediate Constituents analysis.
4. Distributional analysis.
5. Transformational analysis.
6. Componential analysis.

10.

The selection of this or
that particular method
largely depends on the
goal set before the
investigator.

11.

Contrastive analysis

12.

Comparative
linguistics
investigates those
elements and
processes despite
their surface
diversity that all
languages have in
common.
Contrastive
linguistics
attempts to find
out similarities
and differences
in both related
and non-related
languages.

13. The aim of the contrastive analysis:

a detailed comparison of the
structure of a native and a
target language

14. Contrastive analysis can be carried out at three linguistic levels:

phonology
grammar (morphology and syntax)
lexis (vocabulary)

15.

Contrastive analysis is the basis
of teaching foreign languages: it
helps to foresee and prevent
recurrent mistakes caused by the
interference of the learner‘s
mother tongue.

16.

новости, деньги, волосы
plural
news, money, hair
singular

17.

Contrastive analysis is
generally applied to reveal the
features of sameness and
difference in the lexical meaning
and the semantic structure of
correlated words in different
languages.

18.

Watch, clock and часы
Head: the head of a person, bed
or match; in Russian different
words have to be used: голова
человека, изголовье кровати,
сторона монеты

19.

Statistical methods of
analysis

20. The aim of the statistical analysis:

the quantitative evaluation of the
material (different structural types
of words, affixes, vocabularies of
great writers, etc.)
the selection of vocabulary items
of a foreign language for teaching
purposes

21.

Statistical regularities can
be observed only if the
phenomena under analysis
are sufficiently numerous.

22.

Immediate Constituents
analysis

23.

The theory of Immediate
Constituents is based on the
idea that combinations of units
are usually structured into
hierarchial sets of binary
constructions
(Immediate
Constituents.

24. The aim of the Immediate Constituents analysis:

1. to find out the morphemic
structure of lexical units

25. Friendliness:

1. is divided into the component
friendly-, occurring in such words as
friendly, friendly-looking, and the
component ness- as in dark-ness,
happy-ness.
2. is divided into friend- and -ly which
are ultimate constituents (cannot
be divided into smaller meaningful units).

26. The aim of the Immediate Constituents analysis:

2. to determine the ways in
which lexical units are
relevantly related to one
another

27. a black dress in severe style

a black dress | in severe style
a + black + dress|in + severe + style

28. Immediate Constituents analysis depends on the meaning of the whole complex: fat major’s wife ?

fat major’s | wife
fat | major’s wife

29.

Distributional Analysis

30. Distribution:

the position which linguistic units
may occupy in the flow of speech,
or the co-occurrence of units of
the same level: words to words,
morpheme to morphemes

31. The aim of the distributional analysis:

the investigation of sameness /
difference of meaning of words
and word-groups
the analysis of word-formation.

32.

The word has different meanings in
different patterns:
to treat smb kindly (treat + N +
Adv) – to behave towards;
to treat smb to ice-cream (treat + N
+ to + N) – to supply with smth at
one’s own expense.

33. The boy__________ home.

the missing word is easily identified
as a verb (came, went, goes, etc.), but
not as an adverb or a noun, or an
adjective

34.

Transformational Analysis

35. Transformational analysis:

repatterning (reorganization) of
identical distributional
structures in order to discover
difference or sameness of their
meaning.

36. Example of transformation:

his work is excellent –
his excellent work –
the excellence of his work –
he works excellently

37. The aim of the transformational analysis:

to investigate polysemantic
patterns (e.g. compounds which
have the same pattern (n + n) may
have different lexical meanings:
dogfight – a fight between dogs; dogcart –
a cart drawn by dogs)

38.

Componential Analysis

39.

In the componential analysis
linguists proceed from the
assumption that the denotational
component of word meaning can
be seen as a complex cluster of
smaller units - semantic
components, or semes organized
in a componential structure.

40.

man can be described as [+HUMAN]
[+ADULT] [+MALE]
boy as [+HUMAN] [–ADULT] [+MALE]
woman as [+HUMAN] [+ADULT] and
[–MALE]
girl as [+HUMAN] [–ADULT] and
[– MALE].

41.

It helps to find out which of the
meanings should be represented
first of all in the dictionaries of
different types and how the words
should be combined in order to
make your speech sensible.

42. List of Literature:

1.
2.
3.
Воробей, А. Н. Глоссарий лингвистических
терминов / А. Н. Воробей, Е. Г. Карапетова. –
Барановичи : УО "БарГУ", 2004. – 108 с.
Лексикология английского языка : учебник для интов и фак-тов иностр. яз. / Р. З. Гинзбург [и др.] ;
под общ. ред. Р. З. Гинзбург. – 2-е изд., испр. и
доп. – М. : Высш. школа, 1979. – С. 234–261.
Лещева, Л. М. Слова в английском языке. Курс
лексикологии современного английского языка :
учебник для студ. фак-в и отдел. английского языка
(на англ. яз.) / Л. М. Лещева. – Минск : Академия
управления при Президенте Республики Беларусь,
2001. – С. 42–44, 64.