Пустой 2

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Microorganisms
Microorganisms
Microorganisms are divided into aerobic, which require oxygen,
and anaerobic, which do not thrive in oxygen. Bacteria vary in
shape, with spherical ones called cocci. They reproduce by
division. Sometimes microorganisms invade the human body, but
protective mechanisms destroy them. If the defense fails, an
infection occurs. Microorganisms can cause diseases by
destroying tissue. For example, in pneumonia, pneumococci are
found, and the lung can be damaged. I.I. Mechnikov discovered
that leukocytes, called phagocytes, could catch and destroy
microbes.
Policlinic
Here’s the text summarized in 10 sentences in English:
1. A wide network of medical institutions is established in our
country to protect the health of the people, one of which is the
polyclinic.
2. If a person falls ill, they call their local polyclinic and ask for a
doctor.
3. If their condition isn’t severe and they have no high
temperature, they go to the polyclinic for an examination.
4. Specialists like therapists, neurologists, and surgeons work at
the polyclinic.
5. The physician listens to the patient’s complaints, checks their
heart and lungs, measures blood pressure, and asks for a
temperature if needed.
6. Blood tests, urinalysis, and other findings help the physician
make a diagnosis.
7. Local physicians also visit seriously ill patients at home.

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8. Every patient has a personal medical card, where diagnoses,
treatments, and changes in their condition are recorded.
9. If necessary, a nurse will come to the patient’s house to
administer injections or follow other doctor’s instructions.
10. In Russia, medical treatment is usually provided free of
charge.
3. Work of an in-patient department.
When patients are admitted to the hospital, they are first received
by the nurse on duty at the reception. Those requiring
hospitalization already have directions from the polyclinic. The
nurse fills in case histories, recording personal information and
the initial diagnosis. A doctor on duty then examines the patients
and assigns them to departments and wards.
At the in-patient department, the day starts early. Nurses take
temperatures, give injections, and administer prescribed
medications under strict supervision, as some drugs can be
dangerous. Doctors begin their rounds around 9 a.m., checking on
patients and prescribing necessary procedures or treatments such
as diet regimens or lab tests. The doctors’ attentive care greatly
aids patient recovery.
4. Lobar pneumonia.
A 48-year-old patient, Smirnov, was admitted to the hospital with
lobular pneumonia, which developed slowly after a case of
bronchitis. Even though he was treated for bronchitis, his
condition didn’t improve. He had a fever for two weeks, caused
by lung inflammation, which eventually went down.

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When he arrived at the hospital, he was breathing quickly (30-40
breaths per minute) and had trouble breathing, with his face
turning blue due to lack of oxygen. He also had chest pain when
taking deep breaths and a cough that produced thick, yellowish
mucus. His heart rate was fast, and his blood pressure was low.
Doctors found abnormal lung sounds, especially in his left lung,
along with rales and crepitation. Blood tests showed high white
blood cell counts, and a chest X-ray revealed areas of
inflammation. Although it looked similar to tuberculosis, the
doctors diagnosed him with severe lobular pneumonia.
5. Pulmonary tuberculosis.
Pulmonary tuberculosis is caused by Mycobacterium
tuberculosis, affecting the lungs and sometimes other organs:
bones, joints, lymphatic glands, kidneys. Early symptoms include
fatigue, malaise, loss of appetite, body weight and a persistent dry
cough, often with signs. Blood in the sputum may signal the
disease. Fever is common, and in severe cases, night sweats and
significant weight loss occur. High fever is seen in more severe
forms, and weight loss is due to the disease’s impact on
metabolism.