Introduction to electronics (lecture 1)

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Introduction to Electronics
OEk 1115 - Fundamentals of Electronics | Lecture 1

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Outline
What is Electronics?
History of Electronics
Basic electronics components
Course Content
Grading Policy
Course Objectives
Lab Materials

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What is Electronics?
Electronics is a scientific and engineering discipline that studies and applies the
principles of physics to design, create, and operate devices that manipulate
electrons and other electrically charged particles [wiki].
Electronics deals with the flow of electrons to create, process, and control
electrical signals.
It's the foundation of modern technology and innovation.

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Historical Significance
Electronics has transformed our world:
Communication: From the telegraph to the internet.
Entertainment: TVs, radios, and smartphones.
Computing: Computers and microprocessors.
Healthcare: Medical devices and imaging.
Transportation: Vehicles and air traffic control.

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History of Electronics
Early Beginnings (18th - 19th Century)
1745: The invention of the Leyden jar by Ewald Georg von Kleist and Pieter van
Musschenbroek marked the beginning of electronics. It was the first device
capable of storing an electric charge.
1785: Charles-Augustin de Coulomb developed the torsion balance to measure
electrical forces, leading to Coulomb’s Law.
1800: Alessandro Volta invented the voltaic pile, the first chemical battery, which
provided a continuous source of electric current.

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History of Electronics
The Age of Electromagnetism (19th Century)
1820s: Hans Christian Ørsted discovered the relationship
between electricity and magnetism, leading to the
development of electromagnetism.
1831: Michael Faraday’s experiments with electromagnetic
induction paved the way for electric generators and
transformers.
1879: Thomas Edison invented the practical incandescent
light bulb, revolutionizing electric lighting.

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History of Electronics
The Vacuum Tube Era (Early 20th Century)
1904: John Ambrose Fleming developed the vacuum tube
diode, which could rectify alternating current (AC) to direct
current (DC).
1906: Lee De Forest invented the triode, a vacuum tube that
could amplify electrical signals, crucial for radio and early
computing.

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History of Electronics
The Birth of Modern Electronics (Mid 20th Century)
1947: The invention of the transistor by John Bardeen, Walter
Brattain, and William Shockley at Bell Labs revolutionized
electronics by providing a smaller, more reliable alternative to
vacuum tubes.
1958: Jack Kilby and Robert Noyce independently developed
the integrated circuit (IC), which allowed multiple electronic
components to be placed on a single chip.

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History of Electronics
The Digital Revolution (Late 20th Century - Present)
1971: Intel introduced the 4004 microprocessor, the first
commercially available microprocessor, which laid the
foundation for modern computers.
1980s - 1990s: The development of personal computers,
mobile phones, and the internet transformed electronics into
an integral part of daily life.
2000s - Present: Advances in semiconductor technology,
nanotechnology, and quantum computing continue to push
the boundaries of what is possible in electronics.

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Integrated Circuit, Microcontroller, Microprocessor
Integrated Circuit (IC)
A set of electronic circuits on a small flat piece (or “chip”) of
semiconductor material, usually silicon.
Invented in 1958 by Jack Kilby and Robert Noyce.
Components: Transistors, resistors, capacitors, and other
components.
Applications: Computers, mobile phones, appliances, and many
other electronic devices.
Advantages: Miniaturization, cost reduction, improved
performance, and reliability.

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Integrated Circuit, Microcontroller, Microprocessor
Microcontroller
A compact integrated circuit designed to govern a specific operation in an
embedded system.
Components: CPU, memory (RAM, ROM), I/O ports, timers, and ADC/DAC.
Architecture: Harvard architecture (separate memory for instructions and
data).
Applications: Automotive systems, medical devices, home appliances, IoT
devices.
Advantages: Low cost, low power consumption, real-time control, and
ease of programming.

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Integrated Circuit, Microcontroller, Microprocessor
Microprocessor
The central processing unit (CPU) of a computer, responsible for
executing instructions.
Components: ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit), registers, control unit.
Architecture: Von Neumann architecture (shared memory for
instructions and data).
Applications: Personal computers, servers, high-performance
computing, gaming consoles.
Advantages: High processing power, flexibility, and ability to handle
complex tasks.

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Applications of Electronics in Computer Science
Computer Hardware
Microprocessors and Microcontrollers: Central to the functioning of computers and embedded systems.
Memory Devices: RAM, ROM, and flash memory for data storage and retrieval.
Peripheral Devices: Keyboards, mice, printers, and monitors.

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Applications of Electronics in Computer Science
Networking and Communication
Network Interface Cards (NICs): Enable computers to connect to networks.
Routers and Switches: Manage data traffic in networks.
Wireless Communication: Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, and cellular technologies.

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Applications of Electronics in Computer Science
Embedded Systems
IoT Devices: Smart home devices, wearables, and
industrial automation.
Automotive Electronics: Engine control units,
infotainment systems, and safety features.
Medical Devices: Pacemakers, diagnostic equipment,
and health monitoring systems.

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Applications of Electronics in Computer Science
Robotics and Automation
Control Systems: Microcontrollers and sensors for precise
control.
Actuators: Motors and servos for movement.
Artificial Intelligence: Integration of AI for autonomous
decision-making.

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Applications of Electronics in Computer Science
Digital Signal Processing (DSP)
Audio and Video Processing: Enhancing and compressing multimedia content.
Image Processing: Facial recognition, medical imaging, and computer vision.
Communication Systems: Modulation, demodulation, and error correction.

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Applications of Electronics in Computer Science
Power Electronics
Power Supplies: Converting and regulating power for electronic devices.
Battery Management Systems: Ensuring efficient and safe battery usage.
Renewable Energy Systems: Solar inverters and wind turbine controllers.

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Why is Electronics important in Computer Science?

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Why is Electronics important in Computer Science?
Sequence of courses and the abstraction layers:

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Basic Electronic Components
Let's introduce some fundamental components:
Resistor
Capacitor
Inductor
Diode
Transistor

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Resistor
A resistor is a passive two-terminal electrical component that implements
electrical resistance as a circuit element.
In electronic circuits, resistors are used to reduce current flow, adjust signal levels,
to divide voltages, bias active elements, and terminate transmission lines, among
other uses.
Unit: Ω (Ohm)

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Capacitor
A capacitor is an electronic device that stores electrical energy in an electric field
by accumulating electric charges on two closely spaced surfaces that are
insulated from each other.
It is a passive electronic component with two terminals.
Purpose: Stores and releases electrical energy.
Unit: F (farad)

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Inductor
An inductor is a passive component that is used in most power electronic circuits
to store energy in the form of magnetic energy when electricity is applied to it.
Purpose: Stores energy in a magnetic field.
Unit: H (henry)

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Diode
A diode is a semiconductor device that essentially acts as a one-way switch for
current.
It allows current to flow easily in one direction, but severely restricts current from
flowing in the opposite direction.
Purpose: Allows current to flow in one direction only.

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Transistor
A transistor is a miniature semiconductor that regulates or controls current or
voltage flow in addition amplifying and generating these electrical signals and
acting as a switch/gate for them.
Purpose: Amplifies and switches electronic signals.

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Review Questions
1. What is the primary focus of electronics, and how does it relate to the flow of
electrons?
2. What is the difference between capacitor and inductor?
3. What is the difference between diode and transistor?

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Course Content

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Course Objectives
Understand Basic Electronic Concepts: Students will grasp fundamental concepts such as voltage, current, resistance, and power.
Apply Circuit Analysis Techniques: Students will learn to analyze electrical circuits using Ohm’s Law, Kirchhoff’s Voltage and Current Laws.
Utilize Circuit Theorems: Students will apply the Superposition, Thevenin, and Norton theorems to simplify and solve complex circuits.
Analyze Capacitors and Inductors: Students will understand the behavior and applications of capacitors and inductors in electronic circuits.
Solve RLC Circuits: Students will analyze and solve series and parallel RLC circuits, understanding their transient and steady-state responses.
Understand Semiconductor Physics: Students will learn the basic properties of semiconductors and their role in electronic devices.
Explore Diode Applications: Students will study different types of diodes and their practical applications in circuits.
Analyze Transistor Operations: Students will understand the operation and applications of Bipolar Junction Transistors (BJTs) and Field-Effect
Transistors (FETs).
Utilize Operational Amplifiers: Students will learn the principles and applications of operational amplifiers in various electronic circuits.
Develop Practical Skills: Students will engage in hands-on projects and practical applications, integrating their knowledge to design and build
functional electronic systems.

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Lab Works
Tinkercad: free web app for 3D design, electronics, and coding [link]

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Lab Works
Falstad: Circuit Simulator Applet [link]

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Q&A
Any Questions?