Complete the sentence

1.

Complete the sentence
For me, writing in English ….

2.

The Importance of Writing
•“Learning to write is learning to think.” (Carlos H.Baker)
•Writing is linked with communication.
•Writing encourages creativity & imagination.
•Writing is a lifetime required skill.

3.

Two Approaches
PRODUCT WRITING
VS
PROCESS WRITING
Pre-writing
Drafting
Editing
Publishing

4.

Thinking about Composing
•How do you normally get new ideas for your writing?
•What drafting process do you use?
•What revising do you usually do?
•What editing techniques do you use?

5.

Reflecting on the Composing Process
Examples of metaphors:
•Constructing a building
•Composing music
•Solving a puzzle
•Knitting a sweater
•Drawing a picture
•Preparing a meal

6.

Any Story/Text
Content
Structure
Language Flow

7.

Structure
Sentence
Paragraph
Text

8.

Language Flow
“Writing that “flows” is easy to read smoothly from beginning to
end. Readers don’t have to stop, double back, reread, or work hard
to find connections between ideas.”
Flow. The Writing Center • University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. (2021, September 23).
Retrieved August 5, 2022, from https://writingcenter.unc.edu/tips-and-tools/flow/

9.

Patterns of Written Discourse
Robert Kaplan, “Cultural Thought Patterns in Intercultural Education,” Language Learning 16
(1966): 1-20

10.

Responsibility
Languages
Features
Reader
Russian
• Reliance on background knowledge
• Digressive style
Author
English
• Clear
• Concise
• Coherent

11.

Paragraph:
Four Essential Elements
•Unity
•Order
•Coherence
•Completeness

12.

Jumbled Paragraph
A. The first problem is air pollution. For example, in Istanbul, many people have
cars and cars are one reason why the air is polluted.
B. Nowadays there are more and more cars on roads, and this causes traffic jams
in many parts of the cities. For this reason, many inhabitants waste their time in
traffic, and they are negatively affected by this situation.
C. All around the world living in big cities creates serious problems for people.
D. To sum up, air pollution and traffic jams are two important problems that
people living in big cities have.
E. Secondly, traffic is an important problem for the people living in big cities.

13.

Answer
(С) All around the world living in big cities creates serious problems for people.
(A) The first problem is air pollution. For example, in Istanbul, many people have
cars and cars are one reason why the air is polluted. (E) Secondly, traffic is an
important problem for the people living in big cities. (B) Nowadays there are
more and more cars on roads, and this causes traffic jams in many parts of the
cities. For this reason, many inhabitants waste their time in traffic, and they are
negatively affected by this situation. (D)To sum up, air pollution and traffic jams
are two important problems that people living in big cities have.

14.

Paragraph structure
Topic
sentence
• tells the reader what the paragraph is
about
• connects with the previous paragraph
Supporting
sentences
• logical sequence
• develop the topic
Concluding
sentence
• refers back to the first sentence or
forward to the next paragraph

15.

16.

PEEL Paragraph
POINT
Building a deep understanding of the external business
environment is crucial for a travel agency.
Explanation
Using a PEST analysis is one way to gain an understanding
of the external business environment. For the travel
agency business, it can give an understanding of social
trends like people’s travel preferences or how they book
flights. This then allows the business to offer customers
what they want. In addition, knowledge of what is
happening in the world economically helps them make
decisions.
Evidence/
Example
For example, an understanding of the external business
environment such as growth in the world economy could
motivate a travel agency to offer luxury holiday packages
to potential customers.
Link
In this way, analysing the external business environment
can give a clear picture of one strategy a travel agency
could use to stay competitive in the changing
environment.

17.

Topic sentence
Dr. Johnson is an excellent researcher.
Topic:
The subject of
the paragraph
Related idea:
Statement about the topic

18.

Practice makes perfect
Topic 1: Antibiotic resistance in bacteria
Topic Sentence 1: One of the main causes of
bacteria developing resistance to antibiotics is
the over-prescription of drugs.
Topic Sentence 2: Bacteria can develop
resistance to specific antibiotics for a variety of
reasons.
Topic Sentence 3: In less than 20 years the
percentage of S. pneumoniae strains that
developed resistance to Penicillin-based drugs
rose from 4% to 33%.
Option A: Information is too specific for a
topic sentence.
Option B: The focus is too narrow for the
information that will follow about this topic.
Option C: Suitable topic sentence.

19.

Topic 2: Plagiarism in science
Topic Sentence 1: Many people believe that
plagiarism in science is a simple case of quoting
someone else’s published work and passing it off
as their own.
Topic Sentence 2: What does – and does not –
constitute plagiarism in science is a multi-faceted
issue that many scholars will debate and debate
and still disagree about.
Topic Sentence 3: Plagiarism in science is a
complex topic and includes many different types
of academic fraud.
Option A: Too difficult to
interpret.
Option B: Suitable topic
sentence.
Option C: Too narrow in
focus for the information
that should follow about
this topic
.

20.

Read the paragraph again &
select the best topic sentence from 1-3
1.
Fast-changing markets mean that companies have to respond to new demand.
2.
Research today is carried out by both universities and companies.
3.
Today’s companies are heavily involved in research.
__________________ Universities do research in all academic subject areas, such as medicine,
and companies carry out research into a wide range of products and services, from new models
of cars to what people buy in supermarkets. For example, research by pharmaceutical
companies leads to the development of new medicines, and agricultural companies research
new varieties of vegetables and grains to provide better quality food for our tables. However,
universities are essential for research, because they are where students learn research methods.
These examples show that research is a widespread and essential activity in universities and in
the business world.

21.

Read the paragraph and identify the topic.
The topic sentence is missing.
__________________. It is important because it allows the assessor to see the
employee working and interacting with other employees, and to decide how
effective they are at carrying out their duties and responsibilities. Unlike other
methods of assessment, such as psychometric tests and interviews, observation
is simple and direct. Psychologically, observation is less threatening, and in terms
of cost, it is also likely to be cheaper than other methods. For these reasons,
observation is a very practical and effective assessment method for people at
work.

22.

Linking topic sentences & concluding sentences
Read the topic sentences. Decide which concluding sentence, a or b, is more likely to end the
paragraph.
Example: Organized tourism is becoming more personalized with the growth of individual trip
advisers.
a) In short, the development of trip advisers meets the needs of individual tourists who want a
specific holiday which can only be delivered on an individual basis.
b) Mass-market tourism has developed rapidly since the 1960s.
Sentence a refers back to the paragraph topic of individual trip advisers, and seems to state the
main point. Sentence b does not seem relevant to the topic.

23.

Decide which concluding sentence, a or b,
is more likely to end the paragraph.
1. Continuing professional development, or CPD, is becoming more important
in the workplace.
a. These examples show that CPD is increasing in importance in both public and
private companies.
b. Workplace environments vary greatly across different cultures and countries.
2. Recent research suggests that smart phones are being used by children at
younger ages, even at pre-primary school age.
a. This research shows that smart phone technology has been developing rapidly
for several years, and has greatly helped people at all ages.
b. The increasing use of smart phones among very young children is not riskfree, and can lead to children using dangerous websites.

24.

Writing a concluding sentence
Computer files can be organized in different ways. The first choice for the user is
to decide how many folders to have. Most users choose between organizing
data into either a very small number of folders, each containing a large number
of files, or a very large number of folders, each containing very few files. Other
choices include how many folders to present at the highest level of the ‘tree’,
and the number of levels. This means that the user has either to navigate a large
number of folders at a start, or work their way down through a ‘deep’ number of
levels.______________________.

25.

Reflection
What is your takeaway?
[Digital image]. (n.d.).
Retrieved from https://timitude.files.wordpress.com/2014/08/
point-of-reflection.jpg