B2_week 1_lessons_ 3-4-5

1. WEEK 1 LESSONS 3-4-5

Grammar and Vocabulary:
Types of sentences.
Automation and assistive technologies.
Writing and speaking essentials.
APA citation style
Foreign Language 2
Astana IT University, 2025

2. Grammar: Varying sentence length and Types of sentences

3. Varying sentence length

Short sentences are clear and easy to read:
Example: Car scrappage schemes have been introduced in many countries.
But too many short sentences are monotonous:
Example: Car scrappage schemes have been introduced in many countries. They offer a subsidy
to buyers of new cars. The buyers must scrap an old vehicle. The schemes are designed to
stimulate the economy. They also increase fuel efficiency.
Long sentences are more interesting, but can be difficult to construct and read:
Example: Car scrappage schemes, which offer a subsidy to buyers of new cars (who must scrap
an old vehicle) have been introduced in many countries; the schemes are designed to stimulate the
economy and also increase fuel efficiency.
Effective writing normally uses a mixture of long and short sentences, often using a short
sentence to introduce the topic:
Example: Car scrappage schemes have been introduced in many countries. They offer a subsidy
to buyers of new cars, who must scrap an old vehicle. The schemes are designed to stimulate the
economy and also increase fuel efficiency.

4. Sentence Type 1: Simple Sentences

A simple sentence
has one subjectverb combination.
She chose
an academic career.
The school strives
for academic excellence.
A simple sentence
can have two or
more subjects.
A simple sentence
can have two or
more verbs.
France and Germany are
located in Europe.
She chose an academic
career and applied for
PhD.
Because of the heavy rains
yesterday, Highway 50,
Eisenhower Boulevard. and
Temple Avenue were impassable.
The school strives
for academic excellence
and requires students
to study hard.
Folse, K. S., Muchmore-Vokoun, A., & Solomon, E. V. (2020). Great writing 5: Edition 5. National Geographic Learning.

5.

Sentence Type 1: Simple Sentences
Task 1.
Read these sentences about Saturday Night Live (SNL). Underline
the subject and circle the verb:
1. A weekly late-night TV show, Saturday Night Live made its debut on October 11,
1975.
2. Extremely popular in the United States, Saturday Night Live has launched the
careers of many famous comedians, including John Belushi, Eddie Murphy, and
Mike Myers.
3. Lorne Michaels, a Canadian, has produced and managed SNL for more than 35
years.
4. The weekly guest host of SNL plays an active role in picking the skits for the show.
5. At the precocious age of seven, actress Drew Barrymore hosted SNL.
Folse, K. S., Muchmore-Vokoun, A., & Solomon, E. V. (2020). Great writing 5: Edition 5. National Geographic Learning.

6. Sentence Type 2: Compound Sentences 

Sentence Type 2:
Compound Sentences
A compound sentence has two or
more subject-verb combinations.
In a compound sentence, the
subject-verb combinations are
connected by a coordinating
conjunction (FANBOYS).
for: l will not tell a lie, for it would not be honest.
The rain began to fall, so we stopped playing tennis.
and: Helen takes the car, and she picks up Larry on the way to
work.
nor: l would not like to join you for lunch, nor would l like to join
you for dinner.
but: Carrie wanted to go to the cafe, but Francis refused to join
her there.
or: Do l want to go now, or do l want to go later?
The store had a special sale on children's clothes, and hundreds of
parents flocked there to shop for bargains.
yet: University students often take an overload of courses, yet
they should know not to overtax themselves.
so: The teacher prepared her courses the night before, so she
was ready for everything that happened the following day.
Folse, K. S., Muchmore-Vokoun, A., & Solomon, E. V. (2020). Great writing 5: Edition 5. National Geographic Learning.

7. Sentence Type 2: Compound Sentences Task 2.

Read these four sentences about the Super Bowl. Identify each sentence
as simple (S) or compound (C). In the compound sentences, circle the
coordinating conjunction.
____ 1. Many millions of people watch the Super Bowl on television,
and therefore many companies spend millions of dollars advertising
their products during the show.
____ 2. One of the most famous commercials ever shown during the
Super Bowl was a commercial modeled on George Orwell's book 1
984.
____ 3. New Orleans, Jacksonville, and Houston have all hosted the
Super Bowl, which brings in millions of dollars to the economies of
these locales.
____ 4. Many people would like to attend the championship games
of major sporting teams, but the tickets are quite expensive.
Folse, K. S., Muchmore-Vokoun, A., & Solomon, E. V. (2020). Great writing 5: Edition 5. National Geographic Learning.

8. Sentence Type 3: Complex Sentences 

Sentence Type 3:
Complex Sentences
A complex sentence has at
least one independent clause
and one dependent clause.
Dependent clause a group of words that contains a subject an
d verb but does not express a complete thou
ght
Independent clause a group of words that contains a subject an
d verb and expresses a complete thought
Dependent clauses may
begin with a variety of
connector words.
Adverb clauses often begin
with words such as
• After
• Because
• Although
Adjective clauses
frequently begin with
Noun clauses may begin
with
• That
• Which
• Who
• Who
• What
• Why
• That

9. Sentence Type 3: Complex Sentences (examples)

independent clause
dependent clause
The professor returned the examination
that we took last Wednesday.
independent clause
dependent clause
The house sustained some damage
because the wind was very strong in this area.
dependent clause
independent clause
After the house sustained some damage,
we planned some repairs.
independent clause
dependent clause
independent clause
The dictionary
that you bought for me yesterday
is excellent.

10. Sentence Type 3: Complex Sentences Task 3

Read the following sentences about inventions. Each one is a complex sentence.
Identify/name the dependent clause. The first one has been done for you.
1. The electric light bulb that we depend on every night for light was invented in 1900.
2. Because the Internet is useful and practical, it has caught on rapidly with all ages.
3. Although people complain about high gas prices, no one has invented a fuel-free vehicle yet.
4. One of the most important inventions that we use every day without thinking has to be the ink
pen.
5. When portable media players were introduced, they quickly revolutionized the music industry.

11. BUILDING VOCABULARY 

BUILDING VOCABULARY
Follow the link for Quizlet cards:
B2 Week 1 Vocabulary Automation
and assisstive technologies

12. Writing and Speaking Essentials

13. What is a paragraph?

Paragraphs are the basic
building blocks of academic
writing.
Well-structured paragraphs
help the reader understand
the topic more easily by
dividing up the argument
into convenient sections.
A group of sentences that
are coherent and related to a
single idea.

14. How are elements in a paragraph linked together?

The parts of the
paragraph are linked
together by linking
and transition words.
They guide the
reader through the
arguments presented.

15. Structure of a paragraph

The formal academic paragraph has three parts:
The Topic Sentence
The Supporting Sentences
The Concluding Sentence

16. Structure of a paragraph

TOPIC
SENTENCE
• it states what the paragraph is about. It asserts ONE main idea
• it clearly states the main claim/point of the paragraph
• it controls the subject matter of the paragraph
• a group of sentences that explains the idea presented in the topic sentence
SUPPORTI • there are many sources to add specific details and examples such as facts, statistics and
research studies
NG
SENTENCES
• the concluding sentence or the summary sentence comes at the end of the paragraph in
order to summarize the information that has been presented
CONCLUD • It is not existed in every academic paragraph. Some paragraphs tend to be very short; thus
ING
they do not include concluding sentences
SENTENCE

17. Good paragraph example

Data encryption is essential for protecting sensitive information in
digital communication. (Topic sentence) It ensures that data
transmitted through networks cannot be accessed or modified by
unauthorized users. (Explanation)
For example, financial
transactions on banking apps rely on encryption algorithm such
as AES-256 to secure users’ account information. (Evidence 1)
These encryption methods reduce the risk of data breaches,
which have increased significantly in recent years due to a rise in
cyberattacks. (Reasoning) Moreover, according to researchers
(Smith et al., 2022), encryption strengthens public trust in online
services by ensuring the confidentiality and authenticity of shared
data. (Evidence 2) Therefore, strong encryption plays a crucial role
in maintaining cybersecurity in both personal and organizational
settings. (Concluding sentence)

18. Weak paragraph example

Data encryption is important, and many people use it
because they want to protect their information. There are
different apps and websites that have encryption, and
cyberattacks are happening a lot nowadays. Also,
companies want to keep their data safe, so they try to add
encryption to their systems. Encryption is helpful, but
sometimes it does not stop hackers. People should be
careful on the internet.
Vague topic sentence (“important” but no clear idea)
General statements without explanations and examples
No cohesive devices to link ideas
No evidence
No concluding sentence
Mixes unrelated ideas (apps, hackers, personal advice)

19. APA citation style

20. APA citation style

Follow the links below and study "What is
Academic Writing and Features of Academic
Writing" and "APA 7th Edition: Creating APA
Reference Entries".

21. Types of Research Sources

Finding and evaluating academic sources: types of sources
Types of Research Sources
Primary and Secondary Sources
Primary sources - “report directly on research undertaken by the
authors”
Secondary sources – “report on research carried out by others”
(Chazal & Moore, 2017, p. 40)

22. Academic journal articles:

Undergo a rigorous
pre- and postpublication review
process
Considered reliable
because they are
peer-reviewed –
critically evaluated by
academics in the
same discipline
Publish up-to-date
information and the
latest theories

23. Where to find them? Use the university IP address

Finding and evaluating academic sources: databases
Where to find them? Use the university IP address
https://scholar.google.com/schhp?hl=en&as_sdt=0
,5
search.ebscohost.com
sciencedirect.com
apps.webofknowledge.com
scopus.com
hub.sciverse.com
doaj.org
arxiv.org
annualreviews.org

24.  Finding and evaluating academic sources: databases

Finding and evaluating academic sources: databases
Database Search Activity
Instructions:
1. Open a web browser and navigate to the Google Scholar website (scholar.google.com).
2. Click the button to Enter the research question "Artificial Intelligence in Education" in the search bar.
3. Evaluate Search Results:
●Is the article title relevant to the research question on Artificial Intelligence?
●Who is the author of the article? What is their expertise or background in the field of Artificial Intelligence?
●What is the publication date of the article? Is it recent enough to be considered up-to-date in the rapidly evolving field of
AI?
●Where was the article published? Is the journal or conference reputable in the field of Artificial Intelligence?
4. Use Filters: click on the "Settings" button at the top-right corner of the Google Scholar page.
5. Access to the Full Text
NB: Do not buy articles; use only free versions. For downloading articles with a subscription fee, copy their DOI
and go to https://www.sci-hub.in/. Some of them may not be accessible so far. Search for another one
then.

25.

Is it academic dishonesty?
YES
Your professor
assigns a paper on a
topic you've written
on for a different
class. Since you're
the author, it's ok to
re-use the paper as
long as you change
the title page.
You decide to team up
with a classmate on
your papers. Since
you're writing separate
papers it's ok to share
all your ideas and
sources.
Yes or No?
Yes or No?
You find a source
you like but the
author does not say
quite what you want.
You decide to
change the quote
but still attribute it to
the author, this is ok
since you are still
citing the author.
Yes or No?

26. What does APA stand for?

The APA citation style, created by the
American Psychological Association, is
commonly used in the social sciences. It
emphasizes clear and consistent formatting
for references and in-text citations.

27. Formatting References in APA

List all cited sources alphabetically by the first author’s last name.
Use a hanging indent, double-spacing, and specific formats
depending on the source type.
A rule for referencing in APA with 5 key elements:
Author(s): Last name, followed by initials (e.g. Smith, J.).
Year: Publication year in parentheses (e.g. (2020)).
Title of the Article: Use sentence case (capitalize only the first word
and proper nouns).
Journal Information: Include the journal name in italics, volume
number in italics, issue number in parentheses (if applicable), and
page range (e.g. Journal of Psychology, 15(3), 45–60).
DOI/URL: Provide the DOI if available; if not, include the direct URL.

28.

Source
Type
Journal
Article
Two
Authors
Reference Format Reference Example
Author. (Year).
Title of the article.
Title of the Journal,
volume(issue),
page range.
https://doi.org/xx
xx
Anderson, J. (2021). The impact of social media on
mental health. Journal of Psychology, 28(4), 150–165.
https://doi.org/10.1037/abc12345
Authors. (Year).
Title of the article.
Title of the Journal,
volume(issue),
page range.
https://doi.org/xx
xx
Kahneman, D., & Tversky, A. (2019). Prospect theory:
An analysis of decision under risk. Econometrica,
47(2), 263–291. https://doi.org/10.2307/1914185
In-Text
Citation
(Anderson,
2021)
(Kahneman &
Tversky,
2019)

29.

Source
Type
Multiple
Authors
(3+)
Reference
Format
Author1, A.,
Author2, B.,
Author3, C., &
Author4, D. (Year).
Title of the article.
Journal Name,
volume(issue),
pages. URL or DOI
Reference Example
No Date
Author(s). (n.d.).
Title. Publisher.
URL
World Health Organization. (n.d.). Global strategy on
digital health 2020-2025.
https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240020
924
Johnson, A., Lee, K., Clark, M., & Gomez, R. (2020).
Climate change effects on biodiversity. Nature Climate,
12(5), 234-245. https://doi.org/10.5678/xyz
In-Text
Citation
(Johnson et
al., 2020)
(World
Health
Organization,
n.d.)

30. Time to test your knowledge

Go to your assignments in MS Teams.
● Check your knowledge by taking the quiz that
your instructor assigned.

31. Resources

Apa formatting and style guide (7th edition). APA Formatting and Style Guide (7th
Edition) - Purdue OWL® - Purdue University. (n.d.).
https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/apa_style/apa_formatting_and_
style_guide/index.html
Hewings, M. (2013). Advanced Grammar in Use: A Self-study Reference and
Practice Book for Advanced Learners of English. Cambridge University Press.
O’Dell, F., McCarthy, M. (2013). Academic Vocabulary in Use: 50 Units of Academic
Vocabulary Reference and Practice: Self-study and Classroom Use. (n.p.):
Cambridge University Press

32. Thank you for your attention!