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arw1_w5_apa_style

1.

APA STYLE 7TH EDITION
F2024: W5_16.09-20.09.2024

2.

OUTCOMES
To understand the key principles and guidelines of APA Style 7th Edition.
To format a basic research paper using APA Style.
To cite sources correctly using in-text citations and references.

3.

DISCUSS THE IMPORTANCE OF CITATION STYLES IN
ACADEMIC WRITING

WHY CITING IS IMPORTANT
To show your reader you've done proper research by listing sources you used to get your information
To be a responsible scholar by giving credit to other researchers and acknowledging their ideas
To avoid plagiarism by quoting words and ideas used by other authors
To allow your reader to track down the sources you used by citing them accurately in your paper by way of
footnotes, a bibliography or reference list
https://libguides.mit.edu/citing

5.

FIND THE INFORMATION TO THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS
1. What does APA stand for?
2. What disciplines use APA?
3. What does APA regulate?

6.

WHAT IS APA?
https://www.msubillings.edu/asc/writingcenter/writing-workshops.htm

7.

FIND THE KEY PRINCIPLES OF APA STYLE

8.

KEY PRINCIPLES OF APA STYLE
Clarity and Conciseness
Objectivity and Precision
Inclusivity and Sensitivity
Punctuation and Grammar
Ethical Writing and Avoiding Plagiarism
https://apastyle.apa.org/

9.

APA FORMATTING AND CITATION (7TH ED.)
Throughout your paper, you need to apply the following APA format guidelines:
Set page margins to 1 inch on all sides.
Double-space all text, including headings.
Indent the first line of every paragraph 0.5 inches.
Use an accessible font (e.g., Times New Roman 12pt., Arial 11pt., or Georgia 11pt.).
Include a page number on every page.
https://www.scribbr.com/apa-style/format/

10.

APA FORMATTING AND CITATION (7TH ED.)
https://www.scribbr.com/apa-style/format/

11.

APA ALPHABETIZATION GUIDELINES
References are ordered alphabetically by the first author’s last name.
If the author is unknown, order the reference entry by the first meaningful word of the title (ignoring articles:
“the”, “a”, or “an”).
https://www.scribbr.com/apa-style/format/

12.

PAGE HEADER
In an APA Style paper, every page has a page header.
For student papers, the page header usually
consists of just a page number in the page’s topright corner. For professional papers intended for
publication, it also includes a running head.
A running head is simply the paper’s title in all
capital letters. It is left-aligned and can be up to 50
characters in length. Longer titles are abbreviated.
https://www.scribbr.com/apa-style/format/

13.

HEADINGS AND SUBHEADINGS
APA headings have five possible levels.
Heading level 1 is used for main sections such as
“Methods” or “Results”.
Heading levels 2 to 5 are used for subheadings.
Each heading level is formatted differently.
https://www.scribbr.com/apa-style/format/

14.

TITLE PAGE
The title page is the first page of an APA Style paper.
It includes the paper title, author’s name, affiliation, course number and
name, instructor name, and due date of the assignment.
https://www.scribbr.com/apa-style/format/

15.

APA IN-TEXT CITATIONS:
THE BASICS
In-text citations are brief references in the running text that direct readers to the reference entry at the end of
the paper. You include them every time you quote or paraphrase someone else’s ideas or words to avoid
plagiarism.
An APA in-text citation consists of the author’s last name and the year of publication (also known as the author-
date system). If you’re citing a specific part of a source, you should also include a locator such as a page number
or timestamp. For example: (Smith, 2020, p. 170).
https://www.scribbr.com/apa-style/

16.

APA IN-TEXT CITATIONS:
PARENTHETICAL VS. NARRATIVE CITATION
The in-text citation can take two forms: parenthetical and narrative.
Parenthetical citation:According to new research … (Smith, 2020).
Narrative citation: Smith (2020) notes that …
https://www.scribbr.com/apa-style/

17.

MULTIPLE AUTHORS AND CORPORATE AUTHORS
The in-text citation changes slightly when a source has multiple authors or an organization as an author.
Pay attention to punctuation and the use of the ampersand (&) symbol.
https://www.scribbr.com/apa-style/

18.

MISSING INFORMATION
When the author, publication date or locator is unknown, take the steps outlined below.
https://www.scribbr.com/apa-style/

19.

APA REFERENCES:
THE BASICS
APA references generally include information about the author, publication date, title, and source.
Depending on the type of source, you may have to include extra information that helps your reader locate the
source.
https://www.scribbr.com/apa-style/

20.

REFERENCE EXAMPLES
https://www.scribbr.com/apa-style/

21.

MISSING INFORMATION
It is not uncommon for certain information to be unknown or missing, especially with sources found online.
In these cases, the reference is slightly adjusted.
https://www.scribbr.com/apa-style/

22.

FORMATTING THE APA REFERENCE PAGE:
THE BASICS
On the reference page, you list all the sources that you’ve cited throughout your paper. Place the page right after
the main body and before any appendices.
On the first line of the page, write the section label “References” (in bold and centered). On the second line,
start listing your references in alphabetical order.
Apply these formatting guidelines to the APA reference page:
Double spacing (within and between references)
Hanging indent of ½ inch
Legible font (e.g. Times New Roman 12 or Arial 11)
Page number in the top right header
https://www.scribbr.com/apa-style/

23.

FORMATTING
THE APA
REFERENCE PAGE:
THE BASICS
https://www.scribbr.com/apa-style/

24.

WHICH SOURCES TO INCLUDE
On the reference page, you only include sources that you have cited in the text (with an in-text citation).
You should not include references to personal communications that your reader can’t access (e.g. emails, phone
conversations or private online material).
https://www.scribbr.com/apa-style/

25.

HOW TO CITE A BOOK IN APA STYLE
A book citation in APA Style always includes the author’s name, the publication year, the book title, and the
publisher.
https://www.scribbr.com/apa-examples/book/

26.

BASIC BOOK CITATION FORMAT
The in-text citation for a book includes the author’s last name, the year, and (if relevant) a page number.
In the reference list, start with the author’s last name and initials, followed by the year. The book title is written in
sentence case (only capitalize the first word and any proper nouns). Include any other contributors (e.g. editors
and translators) and the edition if specified (e.g. “2nd ed.”).
https://www.scribbr.com/apa-examples/book/

27.

EBOOKS AND ONLINE BOOKS
A citation of an ebook (i.e. a book accessed on an e-reader) or a book viewed online (e.g. on Google Books or in
PDF form) includes the DOI where available. If there is no DOI, link to the page where you viewed the book, or
where the ebook can be purchased or accessed.
Since ebooks sometimes do not include page numbers, APA recommends using other methods of identifying a
specific passage in your in-text citations—for example, a chapter or section title, or a paragraph number.
https://www.scribbr.com/apa-examples/book/

28.

CITING A CHAPTER FROM AN EDITED BOOK
When citing a particular chapter from a book containing texts by various authors (e.g. a collection of essays),
begin the citation with the author of the chapter and mention the book’s editor(s) later in the reference. A page
range identifies the chapter’s location in the book.
https://www.scribbr.com/apa-examples/book/

29.

WHERE TO FIND
THE
INFORMATION
FOR AN APA
BOOK CITATION
https://www.scribbr.com/apa-examples/book/

30.

HOW TO CITE A JOURNAL ARTICLE IN APA STYLE
An APA Style citation for a journal article includes the author name(s), publication year, article title, journal name,
volume and issue number, page range of the article, and a DOI (if available).
https://www.scribbr.com/apa-examples/journal-article/

31.

BASIC FORMAT FOR AN APA JOURNAL CITATION
The article title appears in plain text and sentence case, while the journal name is italicized and in title case (all
major words capitalized).
https://www.scribbr.com/apa-examples/journal-article/

32.

WHEN VIEWING A
JOURNAL ARTICLE
ONLINE, THE REQUIRED
INFORMATION CAN
USUALLY BE FOUND ON
THE ACCESS PAGE
https://www.scribbr.com/apa-examples/journal-article/

33.

LINKING TO ONLINE JOURNAL ARTICLES
A DOI should always be used where available. Some databases do not list one, but you may still find one by
looking for the same article on another database.You don’t need to include the name of the database in your
citation.
If no DOI is available and the article was accessed through a database, do not include a URL.
If the article is not from a database, but from another website (e.g. the journal’s own website), you should ideally
use a stable URL: this is often provided under a “share” button. Otherwise, copy the URL from your browser’s
address bar.
https://www.scribbr.com/apa-examples/journal-article/

34.

HOW TO CITE A WEBSITE IN APA STYLE
APA website citations usually include the author, the publication date, the title of the page or article, the
website name, and the URL. If there is no author, start the citation with the title of the article. If the page is likely
to change over time, add a retrieval date.
If you are citing an online version of a print publication (e.g. a newspaper, magazine, or dictionary), use the same
format as you would for print, with a URL added at the end. Formats differ for online videos (e.g.TED
Talks), images, and dissertations.
https://www.scribbr.com/apa-examples/website/

35.

HOW TO CITE A WEBSITE IN APA STYLE
https://www.scribbr.com/apa-examples/website/

36.

CITING AN ENTIRE WEBSITE
When you refer to a website in your text without quoting or paraphrasing from a specific part of it, you don’t
need a formal citation. Instead, you can just include the URL in parentheses after the name of the site:
For this kind of citation, you don’t need to include the website on the reference page. However, if you’re citing a
specific page or article from a website, you will need a formal in-text citation and reference list entry.
https://www.scribbr.com/apa-examples/website/

37.

ONLINE ARTICLES FROM NEWSPAPERS, MAGAZINES, AND BLOGS
Articles appearing in online versions of print publications (e.g. newspapers and magazines) are cited like their
print versions, but with an added URL.
https://www.scribbr.com/apa-examples/website/

38.

ONLINE ARTICLES FROM NEWSPAPERS, MAGAZINES, AND BLOGS
The same format is used for blog posts. Just include the blog name where you would usually put the name of the
magazine or newspaper.
https://www.scribbr.com/apa-examples/website/

39.

ARTICLES FROM ONLINE-ONLY NEWS SITES
For articles from news sites without print equivalents (e.g. BBC News, Reuters), italicize the name of the article
and not the name of the site.
https://www.scribbr.com/apa-examples/website/

40.

WEBSITES WITH NO AUTHOR
When a web page does not list an individual author, it can usually be attributed to an organization or government.
If this results in the author name being identical to the site name, omit the site name, as in the example below.
https://www.scribbr.com/apa-examples/website/

41.

WEBSITES WITH NO AUTHOR
If you can’t identify any author at all, replace the author name with the title of the page or article.
In the in-text citation, put the title in quotation marks if it is in plain text in the reference list, or in italics if it is in
italics in the reference list. Note that title case is used for the title here, unlike in the reference list. Shorten the
title to the first few words if necessary.
https://www.scribbr.com/apa-examples/website/

42.

WEBSITES WITH NO DATE
When a web page or article does not list a publication or revision date, replace the date with “n.d.” (“no date”) in
all citations.
If an online source is likely to change over time, it is recommended to include the date on which you accessed it.
https://www.scribbr.com/apa-examples/website/

43.

HOW TO CITE FROM SOCIAL MEDIA
As social media posts are usually untitled, use the first 20 words of the post, in italics, as a title. Also include any
relevant information about the type of post and any multimedia aspects (e.g. videos, images, sound, links) in square
brackets.
https://www.scribbr.com/apa-examples/website/

44.

How would you write an APA
reference for this book?
This text appears on page 5 of the book, How Languages Are Learned, by
Nina Spada, published in 2013 by Oxford University Press

45.

COMPLETE REFERENCE
Spada, N. (2013). How languages are learned. Oxford University Press.

46.

How would you
cite this online
article in the
reference list?
Published on the website BBC News, February 3, 2023. https://www.bbc.com/worklife

47.

COMPLETE REFERENCE
Klein, J., & Noenickx, C. (2023, February 3). For older generations, work was the
sole place of connection. Without offices, young people have to get clever
about making friends. BBC News. https://www.bbc.com/worklife

48.

Title: Why This Squid Has One Giant and One
Tiny Eye
Author: Swapna Krishna
Website: Smithsonian Magazine
Date published: February 13, 2017
URL*: http://www.smithsonianmag.com/smartnews/squid
*This URL has been shortened for this exercise. The real one is much
longer, but we’ll use a simpler one for practice.

49.

COMPLETE REFERENCE
Krishna, S. (2017, February 13). Why this squid has one giant and one
tiny eye. Smithsonian Magazine. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/
smart-news/squid

50.

PARAPHRASE A SENTENCE FROM THE PASSAGE BELOW USING APA
7TH FORMAT
From the earliest sand burials 5,000 years ago, the Egyptians could
see that a body had to be dried to stop it from rotting away. They
developed a method of drying with natron, a natural salt that left a
corpse more flexible and lifelike than drying with hot sand.
Title: Mummy
Author: James Putnam
Year Published: 1993
Page: 14