Clauses of purpose

1.

CLAUSES
• of purpose
• of result
• of reason

2.

3.

• so that
• in case
ПОЛНОЕ ПРЕДЛОЖЕНИЕ
+ Present/Past Simple
I’ll post the card today so that
it gets there on Sam’s
birthday

4.

• to
• in order to
• informal
ИНФИНИТИВ
• formal
• formal
• so as to
НЕЛЬЗЯ ИСПОЛЬЗОВАТЬ NOT TO ТОЛЬКО КОНСТРУКЦИИ
in order not to
ИЛИ
so as not to

5.

• for
СУЩУСТВИТЕЛЬНОЕ
• with a view to
ГЕРУНДИЙ (-ING FORM)

6.

NEGATIVE PURPOSE IS NORMALLY EXPRESSED WITH:
•to avoid
СУЩУСТВИТЕЛЬНОЕ
•to prevent …(from)
ГЕРУНДИЙ (-ING FORM)
•She got up early to avoid being late for work.
•He chained the dog up to prevent it (from) biting kids.
•so that
ПОЛНОЕ ПРЕДЛОЖЕНИЕ
• He got the taxi so that he wouldn’t be late.
• in order not to
• so as not to
ИНФИНИТИВ
• He left early so as not to miss the train.

7.

8.

9.

1. I’m taking them in case it gets very cold
2. I need them so that I can cook food.
3. I’m taking them so as not to eat at restaurants and waste money.
4. It’s for putting nails in the wall.
5. I use it so that I can keep up with current events.
6. I need it to take photos.

10.

was
play
could
couldn’t
needed
could

11.

We bought some more coffee so that we wouldn’t run
out
She bought sweets in case her grandchildren visited her
…to make it taste better.
…so as not to run out
…in case some students didn’t understand
…so that nobody could/would read it.

12.

Purpose can be expressed in various ways. Rewrite the sentences in as many
ways as possible.
1. He left early. He wanted to catch the train.
so that/ to avoid/to/in order not to/with a view to/in case/so that
…so that he could/would catch the train.
…to avoid missing the train.
…in order not to miss the train.
…with the view to catching the train.
…in case he missed the train.
…so that he wouldn’t miss the train.
2. He revised hard for the test. He wanted to succeed.
3. I won’t leave the flat. Bob may call.

13.

TEST
1. The burglar wiped the gun. he didn’t want to leave his fingerprints.
(so that)
2. He doesn’t carry a lot of cash. He might get robbed. (avoid)
3. She saved money. She wanted to buy a house. ( with a view to)
4. I ran. I wanted to catch the bus. (to)
5. She gave him her phone number. Then he could ring her. (so that)
6. Let’s buy some Cola. We may have guests. (in case)
7. This is a tin opener. You use it to open tins. (for)
8. The little boy hid. He thought he would be punished. (so as not to)
9. She locked the diamond in the safe. Someone might steal it.
(prevent)
10. He usually takes the bus. He doesn’t want to spend money on
petrol. (in order not to)

14.

15.

RESULT
прилагательное
наречие
The film was so interesting that I bought a DVD.
She has been studying so hard that she’s passed her exams successfully
So
that
PURPOSE
So that COULD/CAN/WILL/WOULD
ПРИДАТОЧНОЕ С
so that I could get a good job in future.
She works out so that she will be fit for summer holidays.
I entered the university

16.

Such • a lot of+сущ that
• прил+сущ
• сущ
So
So
So
прилагательное
наречие
• few/little +cущ
•many/much +сущ
прилагат. AN сущ.
that
that
that

17.

SUCH/SO
1. Charlie's such a nice boy.
2. The sun was out and the birds were singing. It was
such a beautiful day in May.
3. The movie Shrek is so
good it's unbelievable.
4. It was such a shame you couldn't come to Laura's
party.
5. The ending of the film was so sad I couldn't help
crying.
6. Try the cake. It's so delicious.
7. I really want you to meet Andy. He's such a funny guy.
8. My internet connection is so slow it's unbearable.
9. He’s such an idiot! I can’t stand him any more.
10.There were so many people at the concert that we
couldn't get seats.
11.It was such a relief to finally finish all my exams.

18.

19.

20.

RESULT
• As a result,
• therefore
• consequently,
• as a consequence,
• so
+ полное
предложение

21.

REASON
•Because of
+ сущ./герундий (ing)
•Due to
•On account of
•Because of
•Due to
+ the fact that
полное
предложение
•on account of
•On the grounds that
на основании того, что
• Because/As/
Cause…
•The reason why is that
полное
предложение

22.

•Если предложение начинают с
второстепенного, то ВСЕГДА СТАВЯТ
ЗАПЯТУЮ
•Придаточное причины ЗАПЯТАЯ главное
предложение
полное
главное
• Now (that)
предложение предложение
Because/As=Since
,
,
I took a taxi because it was raining. - Because it was raining I took a taxi.
They bought him a gift as/since it was his birthday. As/Since it was his birthday
they bought him a gift.
,
Now (that) they have children they have less free time.
,

23.

•Главное предложение НЕТ ЗАПЯТОЙ придаточные
причины (because/as/since/because of/due to/on
account of…)
ИСКЛЮЧЕНИЕ
• For =because very formal
•Всегда ПОСЛЕ главного предложения
• Всегда выделяется ЗАПЯТОЙ
• The citizens of X. were upset, for a
new factory was to build near their
town.

24.

•Seeing that (книж.) -
так как, ввиду того, что; принимая
во внимание, поскольку.
His English is not bad, seeing that he has studied for only two years.
Его английский язык не так уж и плох, учитывая, что он изучает его всего
два года.
Seeing that she got the hint, she's quite smart.
Похоже, она поняла намек, она довольно умная.

25.

1. Nick was good at swimming. He won the first prize at camp
competition.
2. The flight was delayed. There was storm.
3. Ann bought a car. She had a lot of money.
4. Bob spent two weeks at the hospital. He had broken his leg.
1.SB: Ex 6 p167