Prerequisite for translation transformations

1. prerequisite for TRANSLATION TRANSFORMATIONS

2. Key vocabulary

Adjective
Adverb
Affix
Article
Auxiliary verb
Conjunction
Consistency
Content word
E.G.
Function word
Grapheme
Hierarchy
Interjection
Morpheme
Noun
Pragmatic
Phoneme
Prefix
Preposition
Pronoun
Pronunciation
Rhythm
Semantic
SL
Suffix
Syllable
TL
Verb

3. Divide the key words into groups denoting:

Parts of Speech
Structural Parts of a Word
Abbreviations
All other words

4. Parts of Speech

Adjective
Adverb
Article
Auxiliary verb
Conjunction
Content word
Function word
Interjection
Noun
Preposition
Pronoun
Verb

5. Structural Parts of a Word

Affix
Morpheme
Prefix
Suffix
Syllable

6. Abbreviations

E.G.
SL
TL

7. All other words

Consistency
Hierarchy
Semantic
Pragmatics
• the study of the use of linguistic
signs, words and sentences, in
actual situations
• the quality of achieving a level of
performance which does not vary
greatly in quality over time
• an arrangement or classification of
things according to relative
importance or inclusiveness
• relating to meaning in language or
logic

8. PLAN

1. Levels of Language Hierarchy
2. Unit of Translation
3. Translation on the Level of intonation
4. Translation on the Level of Phonemes
/Graphemes - Transcoding
5. Translation on the Level of Morphemes and
Words – Calque
6. Definition of Transformations

9. Levels of Language Hierarchy

10. Unit of Translation

• the smallest unit of SL which has an
equivalent in TL
• the smallest segment of a source language
text which can be translated, as a whole, in
isolation from other segments (as small as
possible and as large as is necessary)
Barkhudarov (1993)

11. E.G. Unit of Translation

a sound, a letter, a morpheme, single
word, a phrase, one or more
sentences, a larger unit…..
Depending on the level

12. Intonation is the melody of the sentence

•by changes in the pitch of the voice
(the voice goes higher and lower;
remains on the same level; rises or falls)
created
•by sentence stress (strong stress
on important words; weak stress or
no stress on less important words)
•by rhythm (stressed syllables
occur at more or less equal
intervals)

13. Functions of intonation

to distinguish types of sentences
(statements, questions, commands,
requests)
to divide sentences into sense groups
to express various emotions

14. Watch the video, answer the questions

• What is essential to improve to understand
and to be understood?
• What does stressing mean? What does destressing mean?
• What is rhythm?
• What words are stressed in English?
• What words are de-stressed in English?

15. Level of intonation

The translator should imitate intonation
He should not overact with intonation,
distort it or put different stresses or
accents

16. Levels of Phonemes /Graphemes

Transcoding:
• transliteration
• transcription
(transcribing)
• mixed
transcoding
• adaptive
transcoding

17. Transliteration

the method of representing letters or
words of one alphabet in the characters
of another alphabet or script
transliteration doesn’t really render the
words in a new language — just a new
format

18.

Transcription – the representation of
speech sounds in written form
advantages
• everybody
speaking the target
language can read
the transcribed
words of the source
language
disadvantages
• Transcribing is
problematic

19. Point out the Types of Transcoding

Server, marker,
memorandum
Сервер, маркер,
меморандум
Peak, high-tech
Пік, хай-тек
Overlock, resistor
Оверлок, резистор
Control, condensation,
platform
Контроль, конденсація,
платформа

20. Translation on the Level of Phonemes (Graphemes)

British Petroleum — Брітіш Петролеум
Stratford on Avon — Стретфорд-онЕйвон
Apollo, Endeavor, Discoverer – Аполло,
Індевор, Дискаверер

21. Translation of Names

George, Charles, William, James - Джордж,
Чарльз, Вільям (Уїльям), Джеймс.
William the Conqueror — Вільгельм
Завойовник, James Stuart — Яків Стюарт)
Abraham, Isaac, Moses - Абрахам, Айзек,
Мозес, / Аврам, Ісак, Мойсей.

22. Types of Transcoding

English – Ukrainian translation
transcription
Ukrainian – English translation
transliteration

23. Inconsistency of transliteration or transcription schemes:

• Запоріжжя – Zaporizhzhia, Zaporizhzhya,
Zaporozhye

24. zakon.rada.gov.ua/go/55-2010-п

• КАБІНЕТ МІНІСТРІВ УКРАЇНИ
ПОСТАНОВА
від 27 січня 2010 р. N 55
Київ
Про впорядкування транслітерації
українського алфавіту латиницею
{ Із змінами, внесеними згідно з Постановами КМ
N 185 ( 185-2013-п ) від 13.03.2013
N 415 ( 415-2013-п ) від 12.06.2013
N 682 ( 682-2014-п ) від 26.11.2014
N 1121 ( 1121-2015-п ) від 23.12.2015 }

25. TRANSCODING ON THE LEVEL OF MORPHEMES

ambi (lat.), amphi (Gr.) — [on both or all sides] —
ambiguity, ambience
Quasi (Lat.), pseudo (Gr.) — [conventionally “as if”] —
quasi-instruction, quasi-language, pseudonym, pseudocode
para (Gr.) — [near, beside, in parallel] — paragraph,
paradox, paradise, parameter

26. 

ortho (Gr.) — [strait]
orthogonal — ортогональний, прямокутний
orthodox — ортодоксальний, православний

27. a calque (/ˈkælk/) or loan translation

a word or phrase borrowed from
another language by literal, wordfor-word
or
root-for-root
translation

28. E.G. Loan translation Latin - English

• Commonplace - locus commūnis, which itself
is a calque of Greek koinos topos
• Wisdom tooth - dēns sapientiae
• Milky Way - via lactea
• Rest in Peace - requiescat in pace

29. Calque/ Loan translation

Skyscraper, waterfall,
honey moon
Green belt of forests
Deflation involves a
sustained decline in the
aggregate level of prices,
such as occurring during
the Great Depression of
the 1930s
Хмарочос, водоспад,
медовий місяць
Зелений пояс лісів
Дефляція
передбачає тривале
падіння цін у великих
масштабах, таке як
під час Великої
Депресії 30х років
минулого століття

30. Watch the video answer the questions:

1. Is it possible to
take the ST and
make exactly
the same in the
TL?
2. What are the
reasons for
this?
3. What is the
major goal of a
translator?
4. Why are
changes
necessary in
translation?

31. Translation transformations

Translation
transformations
are
changes in the structural form of
language units performed with the aim
of achieving semantic equivalence in
translation