Invention&Innovation. Lecture 4

1.

Nizhny Novgorod State Technical
University
Institute of Economics and
Management
"Economic Theory and Econometrics"
Department
Invention&Innovati
on
Nikolay V. Usov
Ph.D. in Economics, Associate
Professor
tel: +7 906 365 52 28 (cell.)
email: [email protected]

2. Important Terms

IMPORTANT TERMS
• INVENTION
• COPYRIGHTS
• INNOVATION
• SCIENCE
• DISCOVERY
• ENGINEERING
• CREATIVITY
• TECHNOLOGY
• PATENTS
• DESIGN
• TRADEMARKS
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3. Invention

INVENTION
A NEW MANMADE
DEVICE OR PROCESS
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4. Innovation

INNOVATION
•A BETTER WAY OF
DOING THINGS
•AN IMPROVEMENT
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5. Discovery

DISCOVERY
THE PRIMARY
PROCESS USED IN
SCIENCE TO UNCOVER
NEW KNOWLEDGE
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6. Creativity

CREATIVITY
• THE ABILITY TO SEE A PROBLEM
IN SEVERAL DIMENSIONS
• THE ABILITY TO TRULY
UNDERSTAND THE PROBLEM AT
HAND
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7. Patents

PATENTS
• PROVIDE INVENTORS WITH
EXCLUSIVE RIGHTS TO
MANUFACTURE A DEVICE
FOR A PERIOD OF TIME
THAT HAS BEEN FIXED
• ASSIGNED TO INDIVIDUALS,
NOT CORPORATIONS
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8. Patents Cont.

PATENTS CONT.
• THE INVENTOR MUST KEEP
DATED LOGS IN ORDER TO
PROVE WHO INVENTED
SOMETHING FIRST
• “PATENT PENDING” – THE
INVENTOR HAS APPLIED
FOR A PATENT, BUT NOT
RECEIVED IT YET
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9. Trademarks

TRADEMARKS
• TRADEMARKS GIVE AN INDIVIDUAL OR
CORPORATION A RIGHT TO IDENTIFY A
PRODUCT WITH A GRAPHIC SYMBOL THAT
CUSTOMERS CAN READILY RECOGNIZE
FOR THE QUALITY AND SERVICE THEY
HAVE EARNED
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• GENERALLY, A TRADEMARK HAS NO TIME

10. Trademark Examples

TRADEMARK
EXAMPLES
Nike
Abercrombie & Fitch
Mountain Dew
Adidas
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11. Copyrights

COPYRIGHTS
• PROVIDE THE CREATORS OF WRITTEN
MATERIALS THE RIGHT TO A PROFIT
FROM THE SALE OF THEIR WORKS
FOR A DEFINITE PERIOD OF TIME
• RELATED TO WRITTEN MATERIAL,
GRAPHIC MATERIAL, OR MUSIC
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12. Science

SCIENCE
• THE PURSUIT OF NEW
KNOWLEDGE ABOUT NATURE
• ITS PRIMARY GOAL IS
KNOWLEDGE, NOT
SOLUTIONS TO PROBLEMS
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13. Engineering

ENGINEERING
• THE PROFESSION IN WHICH THE
KNOWLEDGE OF THE MATHEMATICAL AND
NATURAL SCIENCES GAINED BY STUDY,
EXPERIENCE AND PRACTICE IS APPLIED
WITH JUDGMENT TO DEVELOP WAYS TO
UTILIZE ECONOMICALLY THE MATERIALS
AND THE FORCES OF NATURE FOR THE
BENEFIT OF MANKIND
• THE DELIBERATE, ORDERLY PROCESS
THROUGH WHICH TECHNOLOGY IS
CREATED
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14. Technology

TECHNOLOGY
THE INNOVATION, CHANGE,
OR MODIFICATION OF THE
NATURAL ENVIRONMENT
TO SATISFY THE PERCEIVED
HUMAN WANTS AND NEEDS
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15. Design

DESIGN
THE PROCESS OF DESIGNING
SOLUTIONS TO
TECHNOLOGICAL PROBLEMS—
INNOVATING AND INVENTING
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16. History of Invention, Innovation and Discovery

HISTORY OF
INVENTION,
INNOVATION
AND DISCOVERY
THE GREATEST DIFFERENCE
BETWEEN SCIENCE AND
TECHNOLOGY IS PURPOSE
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17.

• THE MAIN PURPOSE OF SCIENCE WAS
CURIOSITY, WHERE THE MAIN PURPOSE
OF TECHNOLOGY WAS A MATTER OF
SURVIVAL
• SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY NEED AND
SERVE EACH OTHER WHILE SERVING
MANKIND
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18. Early civilizations were based on just a few inventions:

EARLY CIVILIZATIONS
WERE BASED ON JUST A
FEW INVENTIONS:
• THE PLOW
• HANDWRITING
• STONECUTTING
• METALLURGY
• WEAVING
• POTTERY
• SURVEYING
INSTRUMENTS
• AND MORE…
• BRICK MAKING
• SPINNING
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19. 7 Mechanisms that affect Invention and Innovation

7 MECHANISMS THAT
AFFECT INVENTION AND
INNOVATION
1. DELIBERATE SEARCH
2. DELIBERATE SEARCH FOR 1 THING
THAT LEADS TO SOMETHING ELSE
3. TOTALLY UNRELATED
DEVELOPMENTS HAVE AN EFFECT
ON THE MAIN EVENT
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20.

4. MILITARY NEEDS OR MILITARY
INVENTIONS GIVE RISE TO
INTENSE DEVELOPMENT EFFORTS
AND EQUALLY SIGNIFICANT
SOCIAL CHANGE
5. RESULT OF RELIGION
6. WEATHER & OTHER NATURAL
FORCES
7. PURE ACCIDENT
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21. Invention, Innovation and Discovery Today

INVENTION,
INNOVATION AND
DISCOVERY TODAY
A few of the most infuential
factors which are of a diferent
origin than the previous 7
mechanisms…
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22.

1. INFORMATION AND
COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY
THE FASTER WE CAN COMMUNICATE, THE
FASTER WE CAN INFLUENCE OTHERS WITH
NEW INSPIRATION AND NEW INVENTIONS.
2. SPECIALIZATION OF KNOWLEDGE
AND TEAMWORK
3. THE RISE OF ORGANIZED
SCIENCE
IN THE PAST, DISCOVERIES OFTEN
FOLLOWED THE PRACTICAL APPLICATION.
TECHNOLOGY PRECEDED SCIENCE
TODAY, TECHNOLOGY RARELY PRECEDES
SCIENCE
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23.

4. THE INFLUENCE OF
GOVERNMENT
THE NEED FOR RAPID WARTIME
DEVELOPMENT OF TECHNOLOGY TENDS
TO PUSH THE ENVELOPE OF EFFICIENCY.
THE FUNDING OF RESEARCH WHICH IS
OFTEN AVAILABLE FOR THE ASKING.
GOVERNMENT CAN ALSO INFLUENCE
INVENTION AND INNOVATION BY
LEGISLATION THAT CREATES THE RULES
OTHERS MUST PLAY BY
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24.

Intellectual
Property
TO PROMOTE RAPID GROWTH OF
TECHNOLOGY, THERE HAD TO BE
SOMETHING IN IT FOR BOTH USERS
AND PRODUCERS, AND IF THE
CORRECT BALANCE COULD BE FOUND,
IT WOULD BE GOOD FOR THE
COUNTRY.
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25. Don’t give up!

DON’T GIVE UP!
• INVENTORS NEED TO PLAN FOR
A LONG TIME AND HAVE TO
TRY MANY TIMES BEFORE THEY
CAN GET THEIR INVENTION TO
WORK THE RIGHT WAY.

26. No copy cats!

NO COPY
CATS!
• ONCE AN INVENTION WORKS, INVENTORS WILL
NEED TO GET A PATENT.
• A PATENT MAKES SURE THAT NO ONE CAN COPY
THEIR IDEA.
• A PATENT MEANS THE INVENTOR CAN SELL THEIR
INVENTION TO MAKE MONEY!

27. Improvements!

IMPROVEMENTS!
• INVENTIONS CAN BE CHANGED
TO MAKE THEM BETTER!
• CHANGING THE DESIGN OR PLAN
OF AN INVENTION CAN HELP THE
PEOPLE WHO USE THEM.

28. Inventors

INVENTORS
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29. Refrigerator

REFRIGERATOR
• THE REFRIGERATOR WAS INVENTED TO HELP KEEP
FOOD FROM SPOILING IN THE HEAT.
• CARL VON LINDE INVENTED THE REFRIGERATOR IN
1876.
• CARL VON LINDE WAS FROM GERMANY.

30. Airplane

AIRPLANE
• WILBUR AND ORVILLE WRIGHT SPENT MANY
YEARS BUILDING BALLOONS AND KITES
BEFORE THEY BUILT THE FIRST AIRPLANE.
• THEIR INVENTION WAS VERY SPECIAL
BECAUSE IT WAS THE FIRST FLYING
MACHINE.
Flying

31. The Flyer

THE FLYER
• THE FIRST FLIGHT TOOK PLACE ON DECEMBER 17,
1903 AND LASTED 12 SECONDS.
• THE WRIGHT BROTHERS’ PLANE, THE FLYER, WAS AN
IMPORTANT INVENTION BECAUSE IT MARKED THE
BEGINNING OF HUMAN FLIGHT.

32. The First Car

THE FIRST CAR
Henry Ford wanted to change
transportation in the world.
He designed the frst car and used
factories to build many cars in a short
amount of time!
Many people could pay to
own one of his Model T cars!

33. New Cars

NEW CARS
CARS HAVE GOTTEN FASTER OVER THE YEARS.
THEY COST MORE MONEY, BUT THEY ARE SAFER THAN
THE OLD MODEL-T CARS.

34. Telephone

TELEPHONE
• ALEXANDER GRAHAM BELL DESIGNED THE
TELEPHONE IN 1876.
• HE WANTED A FASTER WAY TO TALK TO OTHERS WHO
WERE NOT NEARBY.
• HIS SUCCESS ALLOWED FOR ALL PEOPLE TO
COMMUNICATE QUICKLY!

35. Vacuum Cleaner

VACUUM CLEANER
• MANY PEOPLE CREATED SEVERAL DESIGNS FOR THE
VACUUM CLEANER.
• THIS INVENTION HELPED CLEAN RUGS, FLOORS, AND
OTHER DIRTY AREAS INDOORS.
• OVER TIME VACUUMS HAVE BECOME MORE
POWERFUL AND CLEAN BETTER.

36. Braille

BRAILLE
• LOUIS BRAILLE WAS BLINDED AS A CHILD AND HE
WANTED A WAY TO READ.
• HE INVENTED A SYSTEM OF RAISED DOTS THAT
COULD BE READ USING THE FINGERS.
• TODAY, THIS METHOD IS STILL USED BY PEOPLE WHO
ARE BLIND.

37.

PRACTICE
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