The formation of the -carboxyglutamate residue

1.90M

Category:

medicine

Blood biochemistry

1. BLOOD BIOCHEMISTRY

2. Blood costituents

3. Major Functions of Blood

Transport of O2, CO2, nutrients,
hormones, metabolic wastes
Thermoregulation
pH regulation
Protection against blood loss
Protection against diseases through
phagocytic blood cells and antibodies

4. Plasma vs. Serum

5. Chemical composition of blood

Proteins
Functions:
- , V, pH
- Viscosity
- Transport
- Blood clotting
- Immunity
- Amino acid source

6. Immunoglobulins

7. Chemical composition of blood

C-reactive protein
Interferon
Antitrypsin
Enzymes: - excretory
- secretory
- indicator

8. Secretory enzymes

Blood clotting enzymes
Serum cholinesterase
Alkaline phosphatase
Leucine aminopeptidase

9. Indicator enzymes

AST
ALT
Creatine kinase
Lactate dehydrogenase
-glutamyl transpeptidase
Glutamate dehydrogenase etc.

10.

Hypoproteinemia - kidneys and
liver lesions, protein deficiency
Hyperproteinemia - severe
diarrhea, vomiting, burns
Disproteinemia – change in protein
ratio

11. Chemical composition of blood

Non-protein nitrogen compounds
Nitrogen-free organic compounds
Electrolytes
Micronutrients

12. Blood lipoproteins

13. Blood cations

14. Blood anions

Chloride
Bicarbonate
Phosphates

15. Blood buffer systems

Bicarbonate
+
СО2 + Н2О ↔ Н2СО3 ↔ Н + НСО3
Phosphate
+
2Н2РО4 ↔ Н + НРО4

16. Blood buffer systems

Hemoglobin
KHb + Н2СО3 КНСО3 + ННb
Protein
NH2 Protein COOH

17. Eritrocyte metabolism

No nucleus, ribosome, mitochondria
Anaerobic glycolysis
Pentose phosphate pathway
2,3-biphosphoglicerate regulates Hb
affinity to oxygen
Protection of Hb from oxidation:
Methemoglobin reductase
NADPH, glutatione

18. O2 transport

19. Bohr effect

20. CO2 transport

21. CO2 transport

22. Blood clotting

23. The scheme of blood coagulation

24. Blood clotting factors

Factor I (fibrinogen)
Factor II (prothrombin)
Factor III (tissue factor, or tissue
thromboplastin)
Factor IV (Ca2 + ions)
Factor V (proaccelerin)
Factor VII (prothrombinogen,
proconvertin)
Factor VIII (antihemophylic globulin A)

25. Blood clotting factors

Factor IX (antihemophylic globulin B,
Christmas factor)
Factor X (Stuart - Power factor)
Factor XI (Rosenthal factor,
plasma thromboplastin)
Factor XII (Hageman factor)
Factor XIII (fibrin-stabilizing factor,
transglutaminase)
Factors of platelets.