LECTURE 3 ТСП

1.

L E CTU R E 3
Designing the
Earthwork
Production Process
Earthwork types and requirements, the complex technological process, and the excavating, earthmoving-transport,
and compaction machinery that carries it out

2.

LECT URE ROADMAP
What this chapter covers
Chapter 2 of the earthworks course — how earth structures are classified and built, and the machines that excavate, move, and compact soil to make them.
EARTHWORKS & PROCESS
MACHINERY & MECHANIZATION
§2.1
General provisions: scope, difficulty, and the 5 elements of the
process
§2.4.1-2
Single-bucket excavators: shovel, backhoe, dragline, grab
§2.2
Types of earth structures — cuts, fills, permanent & temporary
works
§2.4.3
Earthmoving-transport machines: scrapers & bulldozers
§2.3
The complex technological process: prep, main & auxiliary
operations
§2.4.4
Soil compaction: rolling, tamping, vibration
§2.4
Mechanization overview & soil difficulty groups

3.

§2.1 GEN ERAL PROVISIONS
Earthwork: large in volume, hard to plan
• Construction and installation work — including building underground portions of
structures — always involves substantial earthwork, and the volumes involved grow every
year.
• Earthworks rank among the most labor-intensive and physically demanding construction
operations, carried out under conditions that depend heavily on climate and on the soil's
own properties.
• A central task for designers, technologists, and builders is therefore to develop and apply
technologies that reduce the volume of earth that must be moved in the first place.
TECHNOLOGY OF CONSTRUCTION PRODUCTION · CH. 2 EARTHWORK PROCESS DESIGN
5 ELEMENTS OF A COMPLEX-MECHANIZED
EARTHWORK PROCESS
1
The earth structure's construction — its geometry,
configuration, spatial form, and purpose
2
The process itself — the number, sequence, and content of
the soil-handling operations
3
The machine fleet able to carry out that process, with its
technical & economic parameters
4
The set of site conditions shaped by the project's real-world
location
5
The time factor — the fixed or possible duration for
finishing the earthwork on site
3

4.

§2.2 T YPES OF EARTH STRUCTURES
Cuts and fills: the two basic forms
• Designers and builders always try to shrink earthwork volumes — through better
structural configurations, purpose-built construction technologies, and fleets of
high-output excavating and earthmoving-transport machines with their
attachments.
• An excavation (выемка / “cut”) is an earth structure whose main volume sits
below the natural ground surface.
• An embankment (насыпь / “fill”) is an earth structure whose main volume rises
above the natural ground surface — built from cut material or from quarried fill
hauled in.
Fig. 22. View of a fill (насыпь) and a cut (выемка): fill material is trucked in either from a
quarry or straight from a nearby cut.
TECHNOLOGY OF CONSTRUCTION PRODUCTION · CH. 2 EARTHWORK PROCESS DESIGN
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5.

§2.2 T YPES OF EARTH STRUCTURES
Permanent works vs. temporary works
By purpose and service life, every earth structure falls into one of two classes — and the class drives how strict the requirements for stability, compaction, and finish
will be.
PERMANENT STRUCTURES
TEMPORARY STRUCTURES
Built for long-term service:
Built only for the construction period:
• Canals, dams and dikes
• House technical equipment and construction work on foundations
and underground building parts
• Graded sites for residential districts, industrial complexes, and
stadiums
• Carry buried utilities and services through the site
• Airfields
• Road-bed cuts and fills
• Reservoirs and other water bodies
The permanent/temporary split matters because the two are held to different
requirements for slope stability, degree of compaction, finish quality, and
watertightness of the excavation body.
TECHNOLOGY OF CONSTRUCTION PRODUCTION · CH. 2 EARTHWORK PROCESS DESIGN
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6.

§2.2 T YPES OF EARTH STRUCTURES
Naming a cut by its shape: pit, trench, shaft, tunnel
TRENCH (траншея)
PIT (котлован)
A temporary cut up to 3 m wide whose length is far greater than its width.
A cut whose length-to-width ratio is under 10. Floor area ranges from about 1
m² up to several hectares.
SHAFT (яма)
UNDERGROUND WORKING (подземная выработка)
A pit whose floor area is smaller than 1 m².
A temporary cut that is closed over at the surface — built for transport or utility
tunnels and similar purposes.
Pazuha (пазуха) is the gap between a structure's outer wall and the excavation's slope, left after the underground part is built. Backfilling (обратная засыпка) is placing spoil back into
that gap, or into the excavation generally, once the underground structure or utilities are complete.
TECHNOLOGY OF CONSTRUCTION PRODUCTION · CH. 2 EARTHWORK PROCESS DESIGN
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7.

§2.2 T YPES OF EARTH STRUCTURES
A field guide to earthwork profiles
Fig. 23. I – transverse profiles of cuts (a: straight-sided trench; b: trapezoidal pit/trench; v: profile of a permanent cut). II – underground-working cross-sections (round, rectangular). III – fill profiles (temporary, permanent). IV –
backfill (pazuha of a pit; of a trench). Labels: 1 slope crest, 2 slope, 3 berm, 4 slope base, 5 cut floor, 6 safety bank, 7 upslope drainage ditch.

8.

§2.2 T YPES OF EARTH STRUCTURES
What every earth structure must deliver
• Matching a structure to its purpose, and keeping it reliable in service, depends on meeting a full set of design-and-construction requirements.
• Every earth structure must be stable and strong enough to carry its design loads.
• It must resist climatic exposure — precipitation, sub-zero temperatures, freeze-thaw weathering, and similar effects.
• Its configuration and dimensions must match the project drawings, and must hold that shape throughout the structure's service life.
• The specific requirements for a given site are set by the project documentation, in line with national construction design codes.
TECHNOLOGY OF CONSTRUCTION PRODUCTION · CH. 2 EARTHWORK PROCESS DESIGN
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9.

§2.3 COMPLEX TECHNOLOGICAL PROCESS
One earthwork job, many small operations
• Producing earthwork on site — shaping an earth structure to house the underground part of a building — means soil is, wholly or partly, excavated,
moved, placed, graded, and compacted.
• All of this happens through a complex technological process made up of several simple operations, carried out in a defined technological sequence.
• Those simple processes fall into three groups: preparatory, main, and auxiliary.
MAIN PROCESSES
PREPARATORY PROCESSES
AUXILIARY PROCESSES
Excavating soil in cuts; placing soil in fills; drilling boreholes; loading
and moving soil across the site; hauling soil off-site or bringing it in;
layered spreading and compaction; grading; ripping frozen or hardto-work ground; finishing the surface; backfilling pazukhas or cuts.
Lowering the groundwater table; building seepage cut-off curtains
and screens; strengthening soils; laying out the earth structures on
site.
Preparing the working face; maintaining haul roads; temporarily
shoring cut walls and slopes; drilling blast holes and cutting slots for
blasting; trimming excess soil; building site access ramps; moistening
soil; quality control.
TECHNOLOGY OF CONSTRUCTION PRODUCTION · CH. 2 EARTHWORK PROCESS DESIGN
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10.

§2.3 COMPLEX TECHNOLOGICAL PROCESS
No two sites run the same process
• The exact composition of the process is set by the actual conditions of production on the construction site.
• Those conditions include the physical and mechanical properties of the soil, the presence and level of
groundwater, and how congested or constrained the work site is.
• The full composition of the complex earthwork process is worked out when the project's Work Execution Plan
(PPR) is developed — it is not a fixed recipe, but a site-specific design decision.
TECHNOLOGY OF CONSTRUCTION PRODUCTION · CH. 2 EARTHWORK PROCESS DESIGN
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