1.04M
Category: chemistrychemistry

Мини жоба

1.

«Ü=5?45D75 4DA4?—4A
>íL54ELO?OŸ @5>F55V»
@B45?VA Ý7VD?5G
µ? µEOAOE Ý95?45D4V§ ŸB—4@4OŸ, E4OE8 6ÝA5 M>BAB@8>4?OŸ
í@VD457V >íL54ELO?OŸ Ý?5G5FVA 4DFFODG—4 54—OFF4?—4A 5VD5759
6ÝA5 >5L5A4V BŸOFG @B45?VA Ý7VD?5G75 4DA4?—4A. V7 Ý95?45D4V§
>íL54ELO?OŸ Ÿ45V?5FF5DVA 44@OFG—4, B?4D—4 E5AV@4V?V> 55DG75
6ÝA5 B?4D4O ŸB—4@44—O @4§O74O Dí?45D75 449OA44G—4
>í@5>F5E5FVA F8V@4V 54—44D?4@4 ŸµDG4O @4ŸE4F 5F5@V7. µ?
@5>F5C 5B?4L4Ÿ >íL54ELO?4D4O§ 64§4 FB?ŸOAOA
Ÿ4?OCF4EFODG—4 A57V7 5B?44O.

2.

B54AO§ @4ŸE4FO @5A @VA45FF5DV
4EFO @4ŸE4F
ž474ŸEF4A4OŸ Ý95?45D4V§ >ÝEV58 6ÝA5 65>5 í@VDVA457V
íL54ELO?OŸ 44—4O?4DOA
Ÿ4?OCF4EFODG
>íL54ELO?OŸ Ÿ45V?5FF5DVA 6¯95?V F¯D45 44@OFG 4DŸO?O
%FD4F578O?OŸ 6BEC4D?4G, L5LV@ Ÿ45O?44G, >B@4A44AO 54EŸ4DG
B?4D4O§ ŸB—4@4OŸ 6ÝA5 E4OE8 CDBF5EF5D75 55?E5A4V Ÿ4FOEGOA
Ÿ4@F4@4EO7 5FG.
6ÝA5 >5?VEEí7 6¯D7V7G E8OŸFO A57V77V >íL54ELO?OŸ 44—4O?4DOA
BŸOFG, Ý95?45D4V§ í7 E4?4?4DOA44—O ¯74V> @4@4A 5B?GOA4 OŸC4?
5FG.
ì7-í7VA5 E5AV@4V?V>FV 4DFFODG
ÝEV58 549?4AOE 65?VEVA ŸµDG
Ü95?45D4V§ í7VA-í7V 54—4?4GOA 6ÝA5 ŸB—4@ 4?4OA44 Eí9?5G
&Ý6VD855?V @5AFBD?4D@5A, EÝFFV Ý95? >íL54ELO?4D@5A 6ÝA5
Ÿ45V?5FVA 4DFFODG—4 54—OFF4?—4A FD5A8A7F5D @5A >BGG8A7
54EŸ4 Ÿ4FOEGLO?4D@5A FµD4ŸFO 549?4AOE BDA4FG—4 64—449
E5EE8O?4DOA íF>V7G. µ? B?4D4O§ >545D7V?5D4V 65§G75 6ÝA5 í7
64E4G, 5µ? 5B?4L4ŸF4—O OAFO@4ŸF4EFOŸ C5A ŸB?44G4O§ A57V7V
CV>VD?5DVA 4LOŸ 5V?4VDG75 @¯@>VA4V> 55D54V.
5B?44O.
B54AO§ @VA45FF5DV A4ŸFO 6ÝA5 í?L5@4V 5B?OC F45O?44O, 5µ? @5>F5CFV§ F8V@4V?V7VA FµD4ŸFO F¯D45 54ŸO?4G—4 6ÝA5 Ÿ465F 5B?—4A 64—44944
54—44D?4@4AO F¯75FG75 @¯@>VA4V> 55D54V.

3.

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íL54ELO?OŸ @5>F55VAV§ A57V7V 3 54—44D?4@4AO§ 5¯>V? ŸµDO?O@OA4 5A7V7V?75A @O7—O@4E ŸµA4O?OŸF4D @5A
µEF4AO@44D. µ? ŸµA4O?OŸF4D 5V74V§ F¯?5>F5DV@V74V§ ŸB—4@44—O MF8>4?OŸ 6ÝA5 F8V@4V >íL54ELO 5B?GOA
Ÿ4@F4@4EO7 5F54V.
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Ü@B¯@?V?V> 6ÝA5 A>?N786BV?V>
,5LV@ Ÿ45O?44G44 6B—4DO @BD4?L4OŸ 6ÝA5 MF8>4?OŸ
4D?OŸ Ÿ4FOEGLO?4D4O§ F5§ @¯@>VA4V>F5DVA 6ÝA5 ÝDF¯D?V
EF4A44DFF4D4O µEF4AG. íL54ELO?OŸ F5> 58?V> 5@5E, EBAO@5A
CV>VD?5D4V§ ŸµA4O?O—OA @B9OA44G. ÜD5VD Ý95?4V§ 5VD5759
5VD75 ¯?>5A 64G4C>5DLV?V> 5>5AVA F¯EVA4VDG.
FÝ6VD855EVA 54—4?4G—4 54—OFF4G.
&µ@4ŸBO?OŸ 6ÝA5 >5@4V?V>
/ABO@4ŸB4ABOŸ 6ÝA5 -@?4B8O
ž8OA4OŸF4D @5A í775DVEF5D75 Ÿ4DEO FµDG Ÿ45V?5FVA 44@OFG.
&8V@4V >B@4A44 ŸµDG 6ÝA5 54EŸ4 444@44D4O§ E57V@45DV @5A
ž47VD7V 48A4@8>4?OŸ Ý?5@45 8>5@4V 6ÝA5 559V@45?7VL 5B?G4O§
Ÿ465FFV?V>F5DVA F¯EVAG. íL54ELO?OŸFO§ A57V7V D5FVA45
@4§O74O?O—OA ¯9D5FG.
M@C4F8OAO ŸB?44AG—4 54G?G.
µ? ŸµA4O?OŸF4D @5>F5C F¯?5>F5DVAV§ F5> >ÝEV58 FµD—O44A —4A4 5@5E, EBAO@5A 5VD75 444@75DLV?V> Ÿ4E85FF5DV 64—OA4A 44 >5@5?45AGVA5
OŸC4? 5F54V.

4.

ŸG 54—44D?4@4EO: B4G?L45D @5A F4ŸODOCF4D
ŸG 54—44D?4@4EO Ý95? >íL54ELO?4D—4 Ÿ465FFV 5V?V@ @5A 44—4O?4D4O§ 54D?OŸ EC5>FDVA Ÿ4@FG ¯LVA FíDF A57V77V @B4G?L75 5í?VA75A.
B4G?L 1: 5>5 íL54ELO?OŸFO 4@OFG
B4G?L 2: ´=O@44EFODGLO?OŸ íL54ELO?OŸ
%FD4F578O?OŸ 6BEC4D?4G 6ÝA5 @4ŸE4F ŸBN
ì7VA-í7V F4AG 6ÝA5 65>5 5D5A4 Ÿ4?OCF4EFODG
&8V@4V >B@4A44AO 54EŸ4DG 6ÝA5 44@OFG
%FD5EE-@5A546@5AF 6ÝA5 M@BF8BA4?4O 8AF5??5>F
ž4D6O?OŸ E4G4FFO?OŸ 6ÝA5 5N465FF5G A57V745DV
'4ŸOFFO F8V@4V 54EŸ4DG (F49@-@5A546@5AF)
B54?4D4O 54EŸ4DG (Project Management)
BF864F8O 6ÝA5 í7VA-í7V OAF4?4A4ODG
B4G?L 3: B@@GA<>4F<O 6ÝA5 /ŸC4? FG
B4G?L 4: žB—4@4OŸ 6ÝA5 %4OE< íL54ELO?OŸ
žB—4@4OŸ E4OE4F A57V745DV 6ÝA5 ?B558?5G
,5L5A4V> íA5D 6ÝA5 >íCLV?V> 4?4OA44 Eí9?5G
Ü95?45D4V§ E4OE4FF4—O Dí?V 6ÝA5 75A45D?V> F5§4V> @ÝE5?5?5DV
5?VEEí745D 6¯D7V7G 6ÝA5 @5484F8O 44—4O?4DO
Ü?5G@5FFV> 6B54?4D4O VE>5 4EODG 6ÝA5 í775DVEF5D4V 54EŸ4DG
BAD?8>FV?5D4V 54EŸ4DG 6ÝA5 L5LG
5AFBD?OŸ 6ÝA5 FÝ?V@75D?V> 54—44D?4@4EO
&8DD?OŸ >B@@GA8>4F8O 6ÝA5 Ý?5G@5FFV> 65?V?5D457V OŸC4?

5.

5>F5CFV§ µ=O@44EFODGLO?OŸ ŸµDO?O@O
5>F5CFV§ F8V@4V 6µ@OE VEF5GV ¯LVA ¯L 45§759?V ŸµDO?O@ µEOAO?44O:
ŸOFGLO?4D 6ÝA5
5AFBD?4D &B5O
ŸG CDBF5EV @5A FÝ?V@75D?V>
Ÿ4@F4@4EO7 5FG
FŸ4DGLO
<D5>F<O
¯A45?V>FV 54EŸ4DG 6ÝA5
54—44D?4@4AO BDOA44G
4EŸ4DGLO 5§5E
%FD4F578O?OŸ 54—44D @5A
Ÿ4D6O?OŸ 54ŸO?4G
4EŸ4DGLO 5§5E ( )
FŸ4DGLO <D5>F<O ( )
4—44D?4@4AO§ 64?CO EFD4F578O?OŸ 54—OFOA 4AOŸF494O,
¯A45?V>FV BC5D4F8O?OŸ 54EŸ4DG4O 6¯7575 4EOD44O. 8D5>FBD,
Ÿ4D6O?OŸ FµD4ŸFO?O—OA Ÿ444—4?494O 6ÝA5 @5>F5CFV§ @8EE8O—4
54—44D?4@4 ¯9?5EFVDGLVEV 6ÝA5 Ý>V@LV?V> ŸO7@5F>5D?5D45A FµD44O.
EÝ9>5EFV7VA 54ŸO?494O. žµD4@OA44 5545?4V ŸB—4@ Ÿ49D4F>5D?5DV, VDV
?4D BŸG CDBF5EVAV§ E4C4EOA4, EFG45AFF5D4V VDV>F5G75 6ÝA5 VE-
>B@C4A8O?4D4O§ 54ELO?4DO 6ÝA5 @5@?5>5FFV> BD74A44D4O§
L4D4?4D4O µ9O@44EFODG—4 64G4CFO.
í>V?45DV 5B?44O.
ŸOFGLO?4D 6Ý=5 5=F>D?4D &>5O
%454ŸB4@4O, B@5A8A7B5@4V íB>V75BVA 6ÝA5 ABC45ABB5@75 65>5 >5§5A 55@5BVA 5V?V>BV @4@4A44@. ?4@ VL>V 6ÝA5 AO@BŸO
A4@4?LO?4@44A Bµ@44O.

6.

%FG45AFF5D4V VDV>F5G 6ÝA5 54—4?4G
5>F5C>5 Ÿ45O?44G CDBF5EV B5N5>F86FV 6ÝA5 4LOŸ 6¯D7V7V?54V, 5µ? 5§ OAF4?O 6ÝA5 Ý?5G5FFV Ý95?45D4V F4§44G—4 @¯@>VA4V> 55D54V.
ìFVAV@ 6ÝA5 žµ64FF4D4O ž45O?44G
%µE54F 6ÝA5 &5EFV?5G
®@VF>5D?5D4V§ >ÝEV58 FÝ6VD855EVA, @BF864F8O?OŸ E4FOA 6ÝA5
5>5 EµE54F 4DŸO?O ¯@VF>5D4V§ >íL54ELO?OŸ Ý?5G5FVA,
µEOAOE E4FF4DOA 54—4?4G. 4EO @5A ŸO7@5F E4?4EOA4 L5>F5G
>B@@GA8>4F8O?OŸ 44—4O?4DOA 6ÝA5 54—44D?4@4—4 4575A
ŸB9O?@494O.
449OA4O—OA F5>E5DG.
4—4?4G D<F5D<=?5DV
žBDOFOA4O µ@OE
ŸG 54DOEOA44 EFG45AFF5D4V§ 5V?V@V, 44—4O?4DO 6ÝA5 6B54?OŸ
4—44D?4@4 EB§OA44 ÝD5VD EFG45AF Ý?5G@5FFV> A5@5E5 >ÝEV58
6µ@OEF4DO 54—4?4A44O. ÜD @B4G?L45A >59VA @VA45FFV
54—OFF4—O 65>5 6B54EOA ŸBD—494O. µ? B?4D4O§ 4?—4A 5V?V@VA
5@F8E4A44D A5@5E5 F4CEOD@4?4D F4CEODO?44O.
CD4>F8>444 ŸB?44AGOA >íDE5F54V.

7.

¯FV?5FVA ÝF<65?5D 6ÝA5 ÜE5D4V ì?L5G
B54AO§ F45OEFO?O—OA A4ŸFO í?L5@45D 4DŸO?O 54—4?4G 6BEC4D?4A—4A. V7 E4A4OŸ 6ÝA5 E4C4?OŸ AÝF865?5D75 ŸB? 65F>V7G4V >¯F5@V7.
75%
10
90%
25%
4AE4CFOŸ ìEG
Ü?5G@5FFV> B54?4D
%4OE< ž4FOEG
&¯?5>F5D4V§ >5@ 4575A45 75%-O
ÜD5VD ?5> >5@ 4575A45 10
4—44D?4@4—4
ž4A4—4FF4AG
&¯?5>F5D4V§ 25%-O @5@?5>5FFV>
54—44D?4@4AO 4OŸF4—4AA4A
Ý?5G@5FFV> @4§O7O 54D 6B54AO
ž4FOEGLO?4D4O§ 90%-44A
A5@5E5 E4OE8 ŸO7@5FF5D75
>59VA 5VD 6O? VLVA45 @4AE4CFOŸ
VE>5 4EOD44O, 5µ? ŸB—4@—4 A4ŸFO
4EF4@O BŸG CDBF5EVAV§ E4C4EOA4
E49?4A44O A5@5E5
íEG75 (6B—4DO ?4G47O@,
ÝE5D 5F54V.
6ÝA5 BAO§ C4944?O?O—OA4
F4—49OA44?44O.
64?4ŸOAO§ íEGV) 65F54V.
6B—4DO 54—4 55D54V.
ÜE5D4V í?L5G ¯LVA F¯?5>F5D@5A FµD4ŸFO >5DV 549?4AOE 6¯D7V7V?VC, B?4D4O§ @4AE4CFOŸ 6ÝA5 ŸB—4@4OŸ 65FVEFV>F5DV 54ŸO?4A44O.

8.

žBDOFOA4O 6ÝA5 5?5EV ž444@44D
«Ü95?45D75 4DA4?—4A >íL54ELO?OŸ @5>F55V» @B45?V Ÿ474ŸEF4A4OŸ ŸB—4@44—O Ý95?45D4V§ Dí?VA AO—49FG ¯LVA EFD4F578O?OŸ 8A65EF8F8O
5B?OC F45O?44O.
B54AO§ žBDOFOA4OEO
´EOAO?—4A @B45?L 6¯95?V BŸG 54—44D?4@4EOA, MF8>4?OŸ ŸµA4O?OŸF4D4O 6ÝA5
F8V@4V µ9O@44EFODGLO?OŸ ŸµDO?O@4O 5VDV>FVD54V. µ? @5>F5C Ý95?45D4V Ÿ47VD7V
74@4A—O EOA-Ÿ4F5D?5D75 449OA44C, B?4D—4 í@VD4V§ 54D?OŸ E4?4?4DOA44 F45OEFO
5B?G—4 @¯@>VA4V> 55D54V.
5L5A4V 6ÝA5 @B4G?4V> BŸG 6BEC4DO
%4C4?O @5AFBD?OŸ 6ÝA5 65?V?V> ŸB?44G
ì?L5@4V 6ÝA5 54ŸO?4A4FOA AÝF865?5D
5?5EV 4§O74O ž444@44D
1->575§: 8?BFFOŸ 4—44D?4@4AO E>5 žBEG
?—4LŸO FBCFO VDV>F5G 6ÝA5 6 49?OŸ C8?BFFOŸ BŸG
54—44D?4@4EOA VE>5 ŸBEG. 5DV 549?4AOE A57V7VA45 F¯75FG?5D
5A7V7G.
2->575§: %5DV>F5EF5D4V &45G 6ÝA5 ž4D6O?4A4ODG
&µD4ŸFO Ÿ4D6O?OŸ ŸB?44G ¯LVA E4?OŸ4D4?OŸ µ9O@44D@5A
3->575§: ´?FFOŸ GŸO@44 5§59FG
ŸG CDBF5EVA 46FB@4FF4A4ODG 6ÝA5 @5>F5CFV ž474ŸEF4AAO§
54EŸ4 Ÿ4?4?4DOA4 F4D4FG 4DŸO?O 54—44D?4@4AO§ 4GŸO@OA
>5§59FG.
6ÝA5 VDV BF4A4OŸ >B@C4A8O?4D@5A EFD4F578O?OŸ E5DV>F5EFV>
BDA4FG.
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