dz Sharov Ruslan

1.

$4=?B6O5 E<EF5@O
Linux: EAB6O <
D4>F<>4
GF56B4<F5?P 4?O E<EF5@AOE 44@<A<EFD4FBDB6

2.

B65EF>4 4AO
01
02
6545A<5 6 H4=?B6O5 E<EF5@O
5D4DI<O H4=?B6B= E<EF5@O (FHS)
03
04
BCG?ODAO5 H4=?B6O5 E<EF5@O Linux
'CD46?5A<5 H4=?B6O@< E<EF5@4@<
05
06
BA<@4A<9 HGA84@9AF4?PAOI >BAJ9CJ<=.
5;BD Ext4, XFS, Btrfs.
4EL<D5AAO5 >BAF5CF<<
GDA4?<DB64A<9, LVM, RAID.
4> Linux BD74A<;G9F 84AAO9.
BAF<DB64A<9, HBD@4F<DB64A<9, CDB69D>4.
D4>F<G5E><5 EB65FO < ?GGL<5
CD4>F<><
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3.

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84AAO9, >4> BA< 8BEFGCAO < >4> <@< GCD46?SRF.
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46=>: 9; H4=?B6B= E<EF9@O 84AAO9 A4 8<E>9 4 QFB CDBEFB A9GCBDS8BK9AAO9 5<FO.

4.

5D4DE<O D4=?B6B= E<EF5@O Linux
(FHS)
FHS BCD989?O9F EF4A84DFAGN EFDG>FGDG >4F4?B7B6 6 BC9D4J<BAAOI E<EF9@4I, CB8B5AOI Unix. -FB B59EC9K<649F
EB7?4EB64AABEFP < CD98E>4;G9@BEFP D4ECB?B:9A<O E<EF9@AOI H4=?B6 < CB?P;B64F9?PE><I 84AAOI.
1
2
3
4
5
/ ( BD5AL)
9DL<A4 6E9= <9D4DI<<, BF>G84 A4K<A4NFEO 6E9 BEF4?PAO9 >4F4?B7<.
/bin, /sbin
EAB6AO9 5<A4DAO9 H4=?O < E<EF9@AO9 GF<?<FO, A9B5IB8<@O9 8?O ;47DG;>< < 6BEEF4AB6?9A<O.
/etc
$4=?O >BAH<7GD4J<< E<EF9@O, EC9J<H<KAO9 8?O IBEF4.
/home
B@4LA<9 >4F4?B7< CB?P;B64F9?9=, EB89D:4M<9 ?<KAO9 H4=?O.
/var
9D9@9AAO9 84AAO9, F4><9 >4> ?B7<, 6D9@9AAO9 H4=?O < ECG?-H4=?O.

5.

BCG?ODAO5 H4=?B6O5 E<EF5@O 6 Linux
Linux ?>445@68645B <=>65AB6> D49;>6OE A8AB5<, :4644O 87 :>B>@OE 8<55B A6>8 ?@58<CI5AB64 8 AF5=4@88 8A?>;P7>64=8O.
Ext4
XFS
%B4=44@B 45-D4:B>.
OA>:4O <4AHB458@C5<>ABP.
4456=>ABP 8 AB458;P=>ABP.
%>@>H4O ?@>876>48B5;P=>ABP.
C@=4;8@>64=85.
B;8G=> ?>4E>48B 4;O 5>;PH8E
D49;>6 8 48@5:B>@89.
?B8<878@>64=4 4;O
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6O6>44.
Btrfs
%>6@5<5==4O, A DC=:F8O<8
:>?8@>64=8O ?@8 74?8A8 (CoW).
%=8<:8 (snapshots).
AB@>5==>5 C?@46;5=85 B><4<8.
5=4@C65=85 8 8A?@46;5=85
>H85>:.

6.

'CD46?5A85 D49?B6O@8 E8EF5@4@8:
EAB6AO5 BC5D4F88
(BD@4F8DB64A85 (mkfs)
BAF8DB64A85 (mount)
%>784=89 =>6>9 D49;>6>9 A8AB9<O =4 @4789;9 8;8 88A:9.
4?@8<9@, mkfs.ext4 /dev/sdb1.
>8:;NG9=89 D49;>6>9 A8AB9<O : >?@989;9==>9 B>G:9 6
89@4@E88 :4B4;>7>6. 4?@8<9@, mount /dev/sdb1 /mnt/data.
47@BAF8DB64A85 (umount)
B:;NG9=89 D49;>6>9 A8AB9<O. 4?@8<9@, umount
/mnt/data.
DB65D>4 (fsck)
@>69@:4 8 8A?@46;9=89 >H85>: 6 D49;>6>9 A8AB9<9.
4?@8<9@, fsck /dev/sdb1.
-B8 :><4=8O O6;ONBAO :@49C7>;P=O< :4<=9< ?>6A98=96=>7> C?@46;9=8O E@4=8;8I9<.

7.

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8.

$4AL<@5==O5
>>=F5?F<<: LVM <
RAID
?O 7<5>B7B GCD46?9A<O 8<E>B6K@ CDBEFD4AEF6B@ < CB6KH9A<O
BF>4;BGEFB=G<6BEF< <ECB?L;GNFEO LVM < RAID.
Logical Volume
Manager (LVM)
85:>EFP: <A4@<G9E>B9
<;@9A9A<9 D4;@9D4 D4;89?B6
59; C9D9@BAF<DB64A<O.
5EFD4:F8O: 5J98<AO9F
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EB;8464FL @7AB69AAK9 EA<@><
?B7<G9E><I FB@B6.
RAID (Redundant
Array of
Independent
Disks)
F:47>GEF>9G86>EFP: 4I<F4
84AAKI BF E5B96 BF89?LAKI
8<E>B6.
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;4C<E< CGF9@ D4ECD989?9A<O
84AAKI CB A9E>B?L><@ 8<E>4@.
47;8G=O5 GD>6=8: RAID 0
(E>BDBEFL), RAID 1
(;9D>4?<DB64A<9), RAID 5
(G9FABEFL) < 8DG7<9.

9.

@4>B8G5A>85 A>65BO 8 ?CGL85
?@4>B8>8
57C?O@=>5 @575@6=>5 >>?8@>64=85
>=8B>@8=7 ?@>876>48B5?L=>AB8
4:9 ?GKL4O H4=?B64O E<EF9@4 A9 ;4@9A<F D97G?ODAB9
D9;9D6AB9 >BC<DB64A<9 84AAOI.
ECB?P;G=F9 GF<?<FO, F4><9 >4> iostat, df, du 8?O
BFE?9:<64A<O EBEFBOA<O.
5=>6?5=85 O4@4 8 CB8?8B
O5>@ ?>4E>4OM59 FS
%6B96D9@9AAO9 B5AB6?9A<O B59EC9K<64NF 8BEFGC >
AB6O@ HGA>J<O@ < <ECD46?9A<O@ BL<5B>.
EAB6O64=F9 6O5BD A4 D45BK<I A47DG;>4I < FD95B64A<OI
> 84AAO@ (A4CD<@9D, 54;4 84AAOI vs 8B@4LA<= >4F4?B7).

10.

E=>6=O5 6O6>4O 8 E?54GNM85 L478
$49;>6O5 A8AB5<O 4 QB> >A=>64 ;R5>9 % Linux, >?@545;SRI4S BD74A<;4F<N < 8BEFGC : 44==O<.
FHS >55A?5G8645B EF4A84DF<;<DB64AAGN EFDG>FGDG 4;S 6A5E A8AB5< Linux.
O5>@ ?@468;P=>9 D49;>6>9 A8AB5<O (Ext4, XFS, Btrfs) 8 8A?>;P7>64=85 @4AH8@5==OE DC=:F89 (6C@=4;8@>64=85, LVM,
RAID) 8<55B @5H4RI55 7=4G5=85 4;S CDB<;6B8<F9?LABEF< < A489:ABEF<.
5?@5@O6=>5 >5CG5=85 8 ?@8<5=5=85 ;CGH8E ?@4:B8: =5>5E>48<O 4;S MHH9>F<6AB7B 48@<A<EFD<DB64A<O.
4?L=59L55 87GG5=85:
7CG8B5 4>:C<5=B4F8R ?> :>=:@5B=O< D49;>6O< A8AB5<4<, ?>Q:A?5@8<5=B8@C9B5 A LVM 8 RAID 6 B5AB>6>9 A@545.