Oil_and_Gas_Presentation_Turkmenistan_EN

1.

Introduction
• Oil and gas are among the most important
natural resources on Earth. They power
transport, industry, and homes, forming the
foundation of the modern economy. These
resources were formed millions of years ago
beneath the surface. Their significance
extends beyond energy—they influence global
politics and daily life. Oil and gas have shaped
the modern world and remain key to human
progress.

2.

History of Oil and Gas Discovery
• Humans have known about oil since ancient
times. In Mesopotamia, it was used for
construction and lighting. The industrial
extraction of oil began in the 19th century,
marking the start of the oil era. The first
drilling rig appeared in the United States in
1859. Soon, extraction spread worldwide.
Natural gas began to be used later, once
transportation technologies improved.

3.

Formation of Oil and Gas
• Oil and gas are formed from the remains of
ancient organisms buried under layers of rock.
Over millions of years, heat and pressure
transformed organic matter into
hydrocarbons. These substances accumulated
in porous rocks called reservoirs. Beneath the
surface, oil and gas gather in traps, from which
they are extracted through wells. They are
essentially stored solar energy from ancient
times.

4.

Major Deposits
• The largest oil reserves are found in the
Middle East, Russia, the USA, and Venezuela.
Major gas fields exist in Russia, Qatar, and
Iran. In Russia, Western Siberia and the Yamal
Peninsula are key production regions. These
fields supply vast amounts of energy
domestically and globally. Advanced
technology now allows extraction even in
harsh Arctic conditions.

5.

Composition and Properties of Oil
• Oil is a complex mixture of hydrocarbons with
sulfur, oxygen, and nitrogen. Its color and
viscosity vary widely. Depending on
composition, oil can be light or heavy. When
heated, it separates into fractions used to
make fuels and other products. Gasoline,
diesel, and plastics all come from oil. It is a
universal raw material vital for industry.

6.

Composition and Properties of
Natural Gas
• Natural gas consists mainly of methane, with
some propane and butane. It has no smell, so
odorants are added for safety. It burns cleanly,
producing a bright flame and high heat. Gas is
more environmentally friendly than coal or oil.
Its clean combustion and efficiency make it
increasingly popular worldwide.

7.

Oil Extraction
• Oil production begins with exploration and
drilling. Geophysical surveys identify reservoir
locations. Wells are drilled, and oil rises to the
surface under natural pressure or with pumps.
Modern technology enables extraction from
deep or offshore fields. The process is costly
but highly profitable. Safety and efficiency are
key priorities in modern oil fields.

8.

Gas Extraction
• Gas is extracted from underground reservoirs
using specialized wells. It is often found with
oil. After extraction, gas is cleaned of
impurities and moisture. It is compressed and
sent through pipelines. In some cases, it is
cooled into liquid form for easier transport.
Gas extraction requires precision and strict
safety measures to prevent leaks.

9.

Oil Refining
• At refineries, crude oil is distilled into different
fractions. Light fractions become gasoline and
kerosene; heavier ones become fuel oil and
bitumen. Chemical processing improves
product quality and efficiency. Dozens of
valuable products are obtained from one
barrel of oil. Refining is energy-intensive but
essential for modern life. Environmental
standards push refineries toward cleaner
technologies.

10.

Natural Gas Processing
• Natural gas is purified of sulfur, water, and
heavy hydrocarbons. It becomes suitable for
industrial and domestic use. From gas,
manufacturers produce synthetic fuels,
fertilizers, and plastics. Methane is also used
to generate hydrogen — a promising clean
fuel. Processing plants focus on minimizing
losses and emissions. Gas is a cornerstone of
the sustainable energy transition.

11.

Products from Oil
• Oil yields gasoline, diesel, lubricants, paraffin,
plastics, and even cosmetics. Countless
everyday products are made from oil
derivatives, from clothes to electronics. Oil
fuels factories, planes, and ships. It powers
nearly every aspect of modern life. Even
medicines often contain compounds derived
from oil. Truly, oil is the backbone of industrial
civilization.

12.

Uses of Natural Gas
• Gas provides heating, cooking, and electricity.
It is vital for chemical industries and energy
production. Gas power plants generate clean
and stable electricity. Increasingly, gas is used
as vehicle fuel to reduce emissions. It serves
as a bridge between fossil fuels and
renewables. For this reason, it is often called
the 'transition fuel' of our time.

13.

Role of Oil and Gas in the World
Economy
• Oil and gas are the backbone of the global
economy. Their prices influence the prosperity
of nations. Revenue from oil funds
infrastructure and technology. Yet, price
fluctuations can cause crises. The world is
trying to diversify energy sources to reduce
dependence on hydrocarbons. Nevertheless,
oil and gas will remain strategic commodities
for decades.

14.

Oil and Gas Industry in
Turkmenistan
• Turkmenistan is one of the major natural gas
producers in Central Asia. The country’s vast
gas reserves make it an important player in
the regional energy market. State company
Turkmengaz manages exploration, production,
and export operations. Turkmenistan exports
natural gas primarily to China and neighboring
countries through major pipelines. Revenues
from gas exports support national
development and infrastructure projects. The

15.

Transportation of Oil and Gas
• Pipelines transport oil and gas over thousands
of kilometers. This is the safest and most
efficient method. Oil is also shipped by
tankers, and gas in liquefied form by
specialized vessels. Building pipelines is
expensive and requires strict safety standards.
Compressor stations maintain pressure along
the way. Reliable transport ensures stable
global energy supply.

16.

Environmental Issues
• Oil and gas operations often harm the
environment. Spills cause serious damage to
ecosystems. Burning fuels releases
greenhouse gases. To mitigate this, cleaner
technologies are being developed worldwide.
Companies are adopting environmental
standards and land restoration practices.
Sustainability is now central to the energy
industry’s future.

17.

Alternative Energy Sources
• Renewable energy — solar, wind, and hydro —
is becoming more popular. These sources are
cleaner and safer for the planet. Yet, oil and
gas still dominate global energy. Many nations
combine traditional and renewable sources
for reliability. Transitioning to clean energy
takes time and investment. The future
depends on balancing both systems wisely.

18.

New Technologies in the Industry
• Modern technologies make oil and gas
production safer and more efficient.
Automated systems and digital models
improve management. Drones and sensors
monitor operations. Innovation enables
extraction under ice and deep underwater.
Digitalisation reduces costs and increases
safety. The industry’s future is closely linked
with scientific progress.

19.

Future of Oil and Gas
• Experts predict oil and gas will remain vital for
decades. The focus is shifting toward cleaner
and more efficient use. The goal is to cut
emissions and improve sustainability. Over
time, oil and gas may serve mainly as raw
materials, not fuels. Their role will evolve but
not disappear. The key lies in responsible and
innovative energy use.

20.

Conclusion
• Oil and gas have powered human progress for
centuries. They built industries, cities, and
global trade. Now humanity faces the
challenge of using them wisely. We must
balance progress with environmental
responsibility. Oil and gas remain nature’s gift
— and our shared responsibility for the future.