Hydrogen Production and Applications

1.

Hydrogen Production
and Applications
The production and application of hydrogen as an energy source is a
complex and multifaceted topic. It encompasses various methods of
production, each with its own technological challenges and potential for
commercial viability. Furthermore, hydrogen plays a critical role in a range
of industries, from refining oil to producing ammonia. This presentation
will delve into the intricacies of hydrogen production processes, its
byproducts, and the diverse applications that utilize this valuable gas.
by Zhanyl Abilbek

2.

Other Manufacturing Processes for
Hydrogen
1
Thermal Dissociation
The direct thermal dissociation of water requires extremely high temperatures,
making it impractical for commercial use. However, alternative multistep
thermochemical cycles offer a more feasible approach at lower temperatures.
2
Iron-Chlorine P rocess
An example of a multistep process is the Iron-Chlorine family of reactions, which
involves a series of chemical steps to produce hydrogen, albeit with challenges
related to material corrosion and high temperatures.
3
P hotochemical & Catalytic Methods
While photochemical and thermochemical methods lack commercial significance,
catalytic decomposition of ammonia or methanol in cracking plants is used for
specific hydrogenation purposes.

3.

Hydrogen as a Byproduct
1
Refinery Gas
Hydrogen-rich gases are generated as byproducts in oil refineries, though they are
mostly utilized in-house for further processing.
2
Petrochemical Processes
Hydrogen is also a byproduct in the production of olefins, ethyne, styrene, and
acetone, highlighting its pervasive role in the chemical industry.
3
Coke Oven Gas
With over 50% hydrogen content, coke oven gas presents another source from which
hydrogen can be extracted for use.

4.

Hydrogen Applications in the USA
Ammonia Production
Refinery Processes
Methanol Production
Accounting for 40% of
Hydrogen is crucial in
10% of hydrogen produced
hydrogen use, ammonia
refinery processes, such as
is utilized in methanol
production is a major
hydrocracking and
production, showcasing its
application in the United
hydrotreating, making up
importance in chemical
States.
43% of its usage.
synthesis.

5.

Hydrogen Utilization in Western Europe
47%
31 %
Ammonia
R efining
Almost half of the hydrogen produced is used
A significant portion is dedicated to refining
in ammonia production.
crude oil.
8%
1 4%
Methanol
Other Uses
Methanol production also relies on hydrogen
The remaining hydrogen serves various other
as a key input.
industrial applications.

6.

Global Hydrogen Production and Usage
Ammonia Dominance
R efining Needs
Methanol and Other
Uses
Worldwide, the majority of
Refining crude oil is the
hydrogen is used in
second-largest application,
Methanol production and
ammonia production, with
consuming 25% of the
other applications also
a staggering 63% share.
produced hydrogen.
form a significant part of
hydrogen consumption.

7.

Transportation and Storage of
Hydrogen
Gas Cylinders
Hydrogen is commonly transported in
compressed form in steel cylinders.
Liquid Hydrogen
For larger quantities, hydrogen is
transported as a cryogenic liquid in
insulated tankers.
Pipeline Networks
Pipelines are used for efficient distribution,
as seen in Germany's Wasserstoffverbund
Rhein-Ruhr.
Hydrides
Emerging technologies include storage in
the form of metal hydrides like TiFeHx.

8.

Hydrogen Demand in Refineries
Heavier Crude Processing
The shift towards processing heavier crude oils has significantly increased the demand
for hydrogen in refineries.
Environmental Laws
Stricter environmental protection laws in industrialized countries are driving the need for
more hydrogen in refining processes.
Hydrocarbon Content
High boiling point hydrocarbons contain less hydrogen, necessitating additional
hydrogen to meet quality standards.

9.

Hydrogen Transport Alternatives
Gas Cylinders
Cryogenic Containers
Hydride Storage
Hydrogen is often
Pressurized cryogenic
R esearch into solid-state
transported in gascylinders
containers are used to
storage, such as hydrides,
for ease of mobility and
transport hydrogen in liquid
offers potential for more
distribution.
form, maintaining extremely
efficient hydrogen transport.
low temperatures.

10.

Future of Hydrogen in Energy
R efinery Evolution
1
The growing trend of refining
heavier crude oils and
unconventional sources like oil
2
Transportation Development
shale and sands is expected to
Advancements in hydrogen
further boost hydrogen demand.
transportation, such as pipelines
and hydride technology, are poised
Environmental Impact
Hydrogen's role in reducing
environmental impact through
cleaner refining processes and as a
clean energy source is increasingly
recognized.
3
to enhance its distribution efficiency.