Word-building. Main types of word-formation

1. WORD-BUILDING

EDUCATION INSTITUTION OF THE TRADE UNIONS OF HIGHER EDUCATION “ACADEMY OF
LABOUR AND SOCIAL RELATIONS”
SOCIAL AND HUMANITARIAN FACULTY
WORD-BUILDING
Sofya A. Anpilogova,
a fourth-year student,
group 01-LIO-1032
Moscow, 2023

2. Agenda

AGENDA
• Word formation
• Structure
• Affixation
• Conversion

3. Word-formation

WORD-FORMATION
process of creating new words from
resources of a particular language according
to certain semantic and structural patterns
existing in the language

4. Main types of word-formation

MAIN TYPES OF WORD -FORMATION
Word-formation
Wordderivation
Conversion
Affixation

5. Word Structure

WORD STRUCTURE
PREFIXE - ROOT – AFFIXE
Un–believ-able
Dis-honest-ly
Re-build-ed

6. Word Structure

W O R D S TR U CTU R E
Derived words – are
produced by affixation (root
+ an affix)
Conversion – converting
word from one syntactic
category to another
Coldness, Careless, Childish,
Lovely, Warmly, Darken,
Wisdom, Friendship
to hand ← a hand
to pale ← pale
a find ← to find
Root words – only
a root morpheme
in their structure
House, Room,
Book, Work, Port,
Street, Table
Composition – compound
consisting of two or more stems
Dining-room, Bluebell, Mother-inlaw, Has-been
Contraction – shortening
Flu, Pram, Lab, M. P., Vday, H-bomb

7. Affixation

• formation of words by adding derivational affixes to stems
A F F I X AT I O N
• one of the most productive ways of word-building
Worker, Miner, Teacher, Painter
-ness
Coldness, Loneliness, Loveliness
-ing
Feeling, Meaning, Singing, Reading
-dom
Freedom, Wisdom, Kingdom
-hood
Childhood, Manhood, Motherhood
-ship
Friendship, Companionship, Master-ship
-th
Length, Breadth, Health, Truth
-ful
Careful, Joyful, Wonderful, Sinful, Skilful
-less
Careless, Sleepless, Cloudless, Sense-less
-y
Cozy, Tidy, Merry, Snowy, Showy
-ish
English, Spanish, Reddish, Childish
-ly
Lonely, Lovely, Ugly, Likely, Lordly
-en
Wooden, Woollen, Silken, Golden
-some
Handsome, Quarrelsome, Tiresome
Verbforming
-en
Widen, Redden, Darken, Sadden
Adverbforming
-ly
Warmly, Hardly, Simply, Carefully, Coldly
Adjective-forming
Noun-forming
-er

8. Affixation

A F F I X AT I O N
Productive Affixes
Productive affixes – neologisms,
related particular period of
language development
Spork, Cyberspace, Catfish, Finsta,
Clickbait,
Gaslighting, Mansplaining
Noun-forming suffixes
-er, -ing, -ness, -ism
(materialism), -ist (impressionist),
-ance
Adjective-forming suffixes
-y, -ish, -ed (learned), -able, -less
Adverb-forming suffixes
-ly
Verb-forming suffixes
-ize/-ise (realise), -ate
Prefixes
un- (unhappy), re- (reconstruct),
dis- (disappoint)
Non-Productive Affixes
Noun-forming suffixes
-th, -hood
Adjective-forming suffixes
-ly, -some, -en, -ous
Verb-forming suffix
-en

9. Conversion

CONVERSION
• process of creating a new word in a different part of
speech
• with different distributional characteristic
• but without adding any affixes
• so that the basic form of the original and the basic form of
a derived word are homonymous

10. Conversion

CONVERSION
A new word:
• has a meaning different from the original one
• has a new paradigm peculiar to its new category as a
part of speech
• the morphemic shape of the original word remains
unchanged
I. The name of a tool
to hammer, to nail, to pin, to
brush
II. The the name of an animal
to dog, to wolf, to fish, to rat
III. The name of a part of the
human body
to hand, to leg, to eye, to nose,
to mouth, to face, to back
IV. The name of a profession or
occupation
to nurse, to cook, to maid, to
groom
V. The name of a place
to room, to house, to place, to
table, to cage
VI. The name of a container
to can, to bottle, to pocket
VII. The name of a meal
to lunch, to supper

11. Conversion

CONVERSION
• to face, verb
-s, 3rd p. sg.
-ed, past ind., past part.
• face, noun
-s, pl.
-’s, poss. c., sg
-s’, poss. c., pl
• a front part of the head from
the forehead to the chin
-ing, pres. part., gerund
• to turn the face towards
sb/smth

12. Contact Details

CONTACT DETAILS
Sofya A. Anpilogova,
a fourth-year student,
group 01-LIO-1032,
AL&SR
Email: [email protected]