The system of state bodies of Egypt

1.

BASMALA OSAMA AHMED
GROUP; 21LF 1A
THE SYSTEM OF STATE BODIES
OF EGYPT

2.

THE HEAD OF THE STATE
• Abdel Fattah al-Sisi, (born November 19, 1954, Cairo, Egypt), Egyptian military officer who
became Egypt’s de facto leader in July 2013, after the country’s military removed Pres. Mohammed
Morsi from power following mass protests against his rule. Sisi was elected president in May 2014 and
elected to a second term in March 2018.,,Military career; Sisi graduated from the Egyptian Military
Academy in 1977, then served in the infantry. Like other Egyptian officers of his generation, he never saw
combat, but he advanced through the ranks to command a mechanized infantry division and then served as
the commander of Egypt’s northern military region. In 2010 he was appointed to the post of director
of military intelligence.
• Following the ouster of Egyptian Pres. Hosni Mubarak after an uprising in January and February 2011,
Sisi was the youngest member of the Supreme Council of the Armed Forces (SCAF), a body of senior military
officers that took over the governing of Egypt.

3.

PRESIDENT [ PERSONAL INFO ABOUT HIM]
• The 2012 Constitution provided for a semi-presidential form of government in which the president shares executive
powers with the prime minister, until it was suspended following Morsi's removal from office. This structure was
retained by the 2014 Constitution, which was drafted following Morsi's ousting and came into effect after a
referendum in 2014.
• Under the present 2014 Constitution, the president is the head of state as well as that of the executive. The president
lays down, along with the prime minister and the cabinet, the state's general policy and oversees its implementation.
The president represents Egypt in foreign relations and has the power to ratify treaties, can issue decrees having the
force of law when the House of Representatives is in recess and such decrees are subject for approval by the House after
resuming its sessions at the end of the recess, and acts as the supreme commander of the armed forces. The president has
also the power of pardon, and can exercise necessary powers in times of emergencies.

4.

QUALIFICATIONS FOR THE CANDIDATE
• A presidential candidate must be Egyptian, born to Egyptian parents, and neither he/she, their
parents or their spouse may have held another citizenship. They must have civil and political
rights, must have performed their military service or have been exempted by the law, and cannot
be younger than 40 years old on the day candidacy , registration is opened. Other requirements
for candidacy are determined by the law.Article 142: Conditions for candidacy
To be accepted as a candidate for the presidency, candidates must be recommended by at least 20
elected parliamentarians, or endorsed by at least 25,000 citizens who have the right to vote, in
at least 15 governorates, with a minimum of 1,000 supporter from each governorate.

5.

MANNER OF ELECTION ,TERM OF OFFICE
• Elections in Egypt are held for the President and a bicameral legislature. The President of Egypt is elected for
a four-year term by popular vote.[1]
• Suffrage is universal and compulsory for every Egyptian citizen over 18. Failure to vote can result in fine or
even imprisonment,[2] but in practice a significant percentage of eligible voters do not vote. About 63 million
voters are registered to vote out of a population of more than 100 million.[3] Turnout in the 2011 parliamentary
election was 54%.
• During the four elections held between 1924 and 1929, candidates from the Coptic Christian minority received
15 to 23 seats. Copts received four seats in 1931, six in 1938, 12 in 1945, and five in 1950.[7] The opposition's
share of seats also varied throughout this period. The opposition won 15.1% of the seats in the 1924 election,

6.

FUNCTIONS OF EGYPT
• The functions, rated for importance, coalesced into four factors, Sustain Democracy, Support Arabism/Values,
Support Government and Provide Entertainment. Egyptian journalists gave prime importance to supporting
Arabism/values and also performed this function most often
• This study reports on Egyptian journalists’ rating of various journalistic functions in terms of both
importance and ability to perform these functions. The functions, rated for importance, coalesced into four
factors, Sustain Democracy, Support Arabism/Values, Support Government and Provide Entertainment.
Egyptian journalists gave prime importance to supporting Arabism/values and also performed this function
most often. They considered democracy-sustaining functions second in importance, but were able to perform
them least often, at about the average level

7.

TERMINATION OF EGYPTS OFFICE
• We the undersigned 63 organizations call on the Egyptian authorities, including President Abdel Fattah al-Sisi, to
take immediate action to end the Egyptian authorities’ wholesale crackdown on independent organizations and
peaceful dissent.
• More than 30 countries at the United Nations Human Rights Council issued a joint statement on 12 March
2021 expressing their deep alarm over “the trajectory of human rights in Egypt and share[d] the concerns expressed
by the [UN] High Commissioner for Human Rights and [UN] Special Procedure mandate holders.”
• Our organizations have been calling for the establishment of a monitoring and reporting mechanism on Egypt at the
Human Rights Council and will continue to do so until there is meaningful and sustained improvement in the
country’s human rights situation.
• We remain greatly concerned over the arbitrary arrest, detention, and other judicial harassment of human rights
defenders

8.

LEGISLATIVE POWER
• Thus the court stated that the "Shura Council will be authorised to exercise legislative powers
until a new House of Representatives is elected to take charge of the power of legislating."
• The HCC statement was hailed by Islamists — particularly the Muslim Brotherhood, which
dominates the Shura Council. Sobhi Saleh, a leading official of Muslim Brotherhood's Freedom
and Justice Party (FJP) and a member of the Shura Council's Legislative and Constitutional
Affairs Committee, told parliamentary correspondents that "the High Court's ruling is not
expected in any way to strip the Shura Council of exercising complete legislative powers."

9.

PARLIAMENT
• The Parliament of Egypt is the bicameral legislature of the Arab Republic of Egypt. It is
composed of an upper house (the Senate) and a lower house (the House of Representatives).
The Parliament is located in Cairo, Egypt's capital.
• The Parliament is located in Cairo, Egypt's capital. Under the country's 2014 constitution, as
the legislative branch of the Egyptian state the Parliament enacted laws, approved the general
policy of the State, the general plan for economic and social development and the general
budget of the State, supervised the work of the government, and had the power to vote to
impeach the president of the Republic,.

10.

QUALIFICATIONS FOR THE CANDIDATES
• After 29 years and 120 days of Mubarak rule, Egyptians went to the polls to elect their fifth
president. Egypt will embrace its fifth president since 1953, that is to say in 59 years the country has seen
only four leaders, not counting Sufi Abu Talep, whose presidency lasted only eight days from Sadat’s
assassination to Mubarak’s coming to power, or “acting president,” Hussain Tantawi, who took over after
Mubarak was overthrown.
What’s interesting about the 2012 Egyptian presidential election is that this is the first election held without
a “fixed outcome.
• The last presidential elections in Egypt took place in 2005

11.

MANNER OF FORMATION/ELECTION
• The Early Formations of the Egyptian Army and Ideas of Nationhood
• perhaps a brief discussion of the early formations of the Egyptian army can throw some light on major issues
which have continued to be associated with the military figure in Egyptian popular culture. The key idea here
is that the army was central to the development of modern Egyptian national identity. Mehmed Ali (or
Mohammed Ali hereafter), the governor of Egypt from 1805 to 1848 under Ottoman rule, laid the
foundations for the army in the first years of the 1820s
• Fahmy further argues that the Egyptians’ path towards the modern nation-state was not a smooth and
linear one,

12.

FUNCTIONS OF LEGISLATIVE POWER
• The primary function of the State Legislature, like the Union Parliament, is law-making.
• The State Legislature is empowered to make laws on State List and Concurrent List.
• The Parliament and the Legislative Assemblies have the right to make the laws on the subjects mentioned in the
Concurrent List.
• But in case of contradiction between the Union and State law on the subject, the law made by the Parliament
shall prevail.
• Bills are of two types-Ordinary bills and Money bills.
• Ordinary bills can be introduced in either of the Houses (if the State Legislature is bicameral), but Money bill is
first introduced in the Vidhan Sabha.

13.

EXECUTIVE POWER
• According to Roll, Egypt currently has "its back to the wall economically" and cannot afford any
political uncertainty. The fact that Morsi has taken on the judiciary as well as the state authorities
demonstrates that "he views his position as strong enough to confront powerful insider networks."
• One reason for Morsi's self-confidence is his diplomatic success in brokering the current IsraeliPalestinian cease-fire. On Wednesday evening, that agreement ended the clashes which had broken
out over the past week, the worst of their kind since the 2008 Gaza War. The journalist Abu Shakra
believes that the Egyptian president now feels that his international position has been bolstered.

14.

GOVERNMENT [COUNSIL OF MINISTERS ]
• Smooth transition of the Egyptian government operations to accommodate changes in the new globalization
eraEgypt's participation in international agreements ( e.g. the European union partnership agreement) requires
that government performance be maintained at a level equivocal to governmental systems worldwide. The EGovernment project will contribute to the transition by providing and integrating the latest technology
required for best performance.
• Government expenditure reductionThe approach is expected to Minimize government expenditure, through
proposing a new mechanism of governenmet procurment, enterprise resource planning (ERP), and efficent
allocation of government resources.
• Accurate updated Information to Decision Makers Providing decision makers with accurate.

15.

FUNCTIONS OF EXECUTIVE POWER
• THE CABINET The cabinet technically holds all regular executive powers, which include enacting public
policies, preparing draft legislation, and preparing a draft public budget, among others.
• PARLIAMENT According to the constitution, parliament holds legislative powers and the authority to
determine public policy, the general plan for economic and social development, and the public budget of the
state. It also oversees the executive branch.
• THE MILITARY In the absence of a parliament, and according to its amendments to the current
constitution, SCAF retains control of the legislative branch of government and decides on the budget until
Egypt has elected a new parliament and approved a new constitution.

16.

JUDICIAL POWER
• The judicial system (or judicial branch) of Egypt is an independent branch of the Egyptian
government which includes both secular and religious courts.
• The Egyptian judicial system is based on European and primarily French legal concepts and methods,
combined with Islamic (Shariah) law.[1]
• The legal code is derived largely from the Napoleonic Code. Marriage and personal status are
primarily based on the religious law of the individual concerned. Thus, there are three forms of family
law in Egypt: Islamic, Christian, and secular (based on the French family laws).
• The judicial branch plays an important role in the political process in Egypt,

17.

COURTS SYSTEM
• Courts of first instance are the common courts of first review. In civil matters involving small
claims, district courts (also known as summary courts)—which are composed of one judge—hear the
case. Appeals to these verdicts are heard by a panel of three judges within the courts of first instance
(also known as primary courts). In civil matters involving large claims, a panel of three judges
within a court of first instance hears the case. Appeals to verdicts by such panels are heard by the
courts of appeal. In criminal matters involving petty offenses or misdemeanors, a misdemeanor court
consisting of one reviewing judge hears the case upon first review. An appeal to a verdict handed
down by a misdemeanor court is heard by a misdemeanor appeal court, which consists of a panel of
three judges.