Leningrad Phonological School

1.

LENINGRAD
PHONOLOGICAL
SCHOOL

2.

• LENINGRAD PHONOLOGICAL
SCHOOL, a branch of Russian
linguistics that developed at St.
Petersburg University in the early 20th
century.

3.

• The founder of the
Leningrad school was I.A.
Baudouin de Courtenay.

4.

• he made a revolution in the science of language: before him, the
historical trend prevailed in linguistics - languages were studied
exclusively by written monuments
• in his works, he proved that the essence of language is in speech
activity, which means that it is necessary to study living languages
and dialects.
• his discoveries in the field of comparative (typological) analysis of
Slavic languages anticipated the emergence of ideas that were later
reflected in the works of the outstanding typologist-slavist R. O.
Jacobson
• he was the first to apply mathematical models in linguistics
• based on his work, a new direction emerged - experimental phonetics
• working in Kazan in 1874-1883, the scientist founded the Kazan
Linguistic School, within which the talent of the outstanding scientist
V. A. Bogoroditsky flourished

5.

• The main topic of Baudouin de Courtenay's
research, which was continued by his
students, was the identification of the basic
units of language (phonemes, morphemes,
words) and the identification of their
properties.

6.

• Students of Baudouin de Courtenay in St.
Petersburg were L.V. Shcherba, E.D.
Polivanov and L.P. Yakubinsky, who
continued, especially the latter, the ideas
proposed by their teacher.

7.

L. V. Shcherba
E. D. Polivanov
L. P. Yakubinsky

8.

• One of the leading figures
of the Leningrad school was
an outstanding linguist,
original thinker, theorist
and experimenter Lev
Vladimirovich Shcherba
(1880-1944)

9.

• In his work, Lev Vladimirovich used the methods of field
(expeditionary) linguistics with great success, which was very rare at
that time
• widely known as a phonologist and phonetist
• founder Leningrad (St. Petersburg) Phonetic School
• He has done a lot for the theory and practice of lexicography and
lexicology
• article "About parts of speech in Russian" (1928) became a significant
contribution to the Russian grammatical theory, showed what really lies
behind the words familiar to us
• for many years he worked at Leningrad, then at Moscow Universities,
trained a whole galaxy of students who became outstanding linguists

10.

• Evgeny Dmitrievich
Polivanov (1891-1938), an
outstanding linguist who
gained worldwide fame
even when his life ended
tragically, was a prominent
representative of the
Leningrad school.

11.

• Director of the Institute of Linguistics
• he was engaged in the problems of studying artistic speech,
comparative historical research of Slavic languages, the
history of the Russian language
• He also sought to identify patterns of historical changes in
the language, developing the ideas of I.A. Baudouin de
Courtenay

12.

Lev Petrovich Yakubinsky
(1892-1945) was a Soviet
philologist, linguist, specialist
in poetics, dialogic speech,
history, the Old Russian
language, and general
problems of linguistics.
Author of studies on the Old
Russian language, Slavic
languages, on the theory of
poetic language, the culture of
speech, one of the founders of
sociolinguistics, a
comparativist.

13.

The basic principle
• The main principle of the Leningrad School's approach to
the units of the sound level of language is the desire to link
the linguistic nature of the phoneme with its role in speech
activity.
• The Leningrad school is characterized by the statement that
the phoneme system of a particular language is not just the
result of logical constructions of the researcher, but the real
organization of sound units, which provides every native
speaker with the possibility of generating and perceiving
any speech message.

14.

• The phoneme in the Leningrad Phonological
School is defined as the shortest (indivisible in
time) sound unit of a given language, capable
of being the only means of distinguishing
signifying morphemes and words in it.

15.

Phoneme functions
• Supporters of the Leningrad School distinguish the following
phoneme functions:
• - constitutive — creation of the sound appearance of
significant units of the language (from the speaker's side);
• - identifying — the other side of the constitutive, manifested
when viewed by the listener;
• - distinctive (distinctive) — the use of the peculiarity of the
phonemic composition of significant units to distinguish them;
is a consequence of the constitutive-identification function.
Shcherba also associated the phoneme 's linguistic function
with its ability to participate in the formation of the sound
image of a significant unit.

16.

• Of great importance in the development of the ideas
of the Leningrad Phonological School are applied
aspects of speech research — analysis of the
linguistic nature of sound disorders in aphasia,
stuttering, hearing loss; creation of linguistic rules
that provide automatic analysis and synthesis of
speech; research of statistical characteristics of
sound units necessary for the creation of test tests in
communication technology, medicine; development
of methods of teaching a non-native language.

17.

Results
The Leningrad Linguistic School was also one of the first areas of
world linguistics associated with a new, structuralist stage in its
development.
Baudouin de Courtenay many, especially in Russia is considered
one of the founders of structuralism.
The influence of the St. Petersburg School, especially its founder,
was strong in Russia and the USSR, in Poland and
Czechoslovakia.
Nevertheless, a number of its provisions, especially in the field of
phonology, have become firmly established in world science
through the Prague Linguistic Circle.

18.

Thanks for your attention!