Hygiene of water hygienic demands to quality of drinking water

1. HYGIENE OF WATER HYGIENIC DEMANDS TO QUALITY OF DRINKING WATER

2. KINDS OF WATER USING

- DRINKING - the most strict requirements to water
according to the STATE STANDARD (SS) «Water
drinking »
- HOUSEHOLD - For supporting normal sanitary
conditions of life of the population – same
requirements as for drinking water
RECREATIONAL - For rest, water sports –
requirements are less strict

3.

-BALNEOLOGIC – For medical bathes, inhalations requirements as for drinking water
- INDUSTRIAL - For using in the technological
processes (special norms)
- MELIORATIVE - For irrigation in agriculture (special
norms)
- FISHING - For cultivation
hydrobionts (special norms).
of
fish
- TRANSPORT- water transport, ports
and
other

4. Earth’s water

5. DOCUMENTS REGULATING QUALITY of WATER

FOR WATER OF THE RESERVOIRS:
The STATE STANDART «WATER OF SOURCES
CENTRALIZED WATER SUPPLY»
•Sanitary Norms and Rules 1988 (Sanitary norms for
preservation surface waters from pollution)
•Rules of sanitary preservation sea coastal waters
(1974, 1980)

6.

NORMATIVE DOCUMENTS
FOR DRINKING WATER:
• STATE STANDARD «Drinking water»
• International Standard for Drinking Water
by WHO 1973 (ISDW - 73)

7. HYGIENIC DEMANDS TO QUALITY OF DRINKING WATER

GENERAL HYGIENIC DEMANDS
TO QUALITY OF DRINKING WATER
To have good organoleptic properties
To be safe by chemical structure
To be safe by microbe pollution

8. ORGANOLEPTIC PARAMETERS OF DRINKING WATER:

•ODOUR & TASTE - up to 2 points
(scale 0 - 5 points)
•COLOUR - up to 20°
•TRANSPARENCE - up to 30 сm
• TURBIDITY up to 1,5 mg/l
•TEMPERATURE - 10-12°C

9. PARAMETERS OF CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF DRINKING WATER:

•DRY REST = MINERALIZATION - up to 1000 mg/l.
At high mineralization of water can be diseases:
urine-stone disease
gall-stone disease
•CHLORIDIES - up to 350 mg/l. At high content of chlorides –
people can have arterial hypertension
• SULFATES - up to 500 mg/l. At high content – can be
dyarrea during some days
•GENERAL RIGIDITY - 5-7 mg-eq/l (1 mg-eq/l = 28 mg/l СаО or
20 mg/l MgO)
< 3,5 mg-eq/l – easy rigidity, soft water
3,5 - 7 mg-eq/l – middle rigidity, rigid water
7 - 14 mg-eq/l – hard rigidity, rigid water
> 14 mg-eq/l - very hard rigidity, very hard rigid water

10.

NITROGEN SUBSTANCES IN WATER:
AMMONIA (0), NITRITES (0), NITRATES (up to 10
mg/l ). Reason of high concentration of these
substances - pollution with feces or urine.
If high concentration only ammonia and
nitrites – it means fresh organic pollution,
if high concentration only nitrates – old
pollution.
high concentration ammonia, nitrites and
nitrates - in case of continues ( permanent)
pollution
•At high level of nitrogen substances – can be
disease water-nitrate methaemoglobinaemya. Newborn children can have this disease more often.

11.

•OXIGEN ABILITY - 2- 4 mg О2/l
•IRON - up to 0,3 mg/l
• FLUORINE - 0,7 - 1,5 mg/l (in hot climate
– 0,7, in cold climate – 1,5 mg/l). Less than
norm- caries of teeth, more than normfluorosis of teeth and bones.
Now there are maximal permissible
concentrations for 1500 harmful
substances in water.

12.

Fluorosis

13.

Caries

14. BACTERIOLOGICAL PARAMETERS OF DRINKING WATER:

•Total MICROBE NUMBER (TMN) - up to 100
in 1 ml (amount of microbes colonies on
Petry’s cup after 24 hours of keeping into
thermostat at 37ºC)
•COLI - INDEX (amount E.coli into 1 liter) - up
to 3
•COLI - TITER (amount of water in ml for 1 E.
coli) < 300

15. DIRECT AND INDIRECT PARAMETERS OF ORGANIC POLLUTION WATER

1.
DIRECT - rising bacteriological
parameters of water, presence
pathogenic microbes
2.
INDIRECT – changes of
organoleptic properties, rising level of
chlorides, sulfates, nitrogen
substances in water and oxidation
ability of water

16. EPIDEMIOLOGICAL VALUE of WATER

Following diseases can be transferred from
water:
1. Acute intestinal infections:belly typhus,
cholera,dysentery etc.
2. Viral infections: hepatites,poliomyelitis,
adenoviruses
3. Zoonoses: tularemia, brucellosis, Siberian
ulcer etc.
4. Helminths: Ascaride, etc.
5. Protozoa: lamblya, amoebas, balantides
etc

17. SIGNS OF EPIDEMY With WATERWAY TRANSMISSION

1)Acute
beginning –
many cases
identical
infections in first
days
•3) Quick decrease of
number of diseases
after disinfection of
water source or
forbidding its using
•2) Territorial attachment all cases to concrete water source
•4) Hot season (breeding microbes, decrease of protective of barrier
function of HCL in stomach because of drinking a lot of water)

18. CLASSIFICATION METHODS EMPROVEMENT QUALITY WATER

1. METHODS OF CLEARING WATER
2. METHODS OF DISINFECTION
WATER
3.
SPECIAL METHODS

19. METHODS OF CLEARING WATER USED FOR ERASION OF mechanical IMPURITIES:

Sedimentation
Filtration
Coagulation (salts of Fe or Al)
Control – with the help of organoleptic
parameters water measuring

20. METHODS OF DISINFECTION WATER (Destruction microbes in water)

PHYSICAL
CHEMICAL
1)
BOILING
1) CHLORINATION
2)
Ultraviolet irradiation
2) OZONIZATION
3)
Ultrasonic sound
3) SILVER IONS
4)
Gamma-irradiation
THE CHECK EFFECTIVITY - by bacteriological parameters of water
(TMN, coli-index, coli-titr)

21. SPECIAL METHODS OF EMPROVEMENT QUALITY WATER:

1) Deodorization
2) Deferrumization
3) Softening
4) Desalting
THE CHECK
parameters.
5) Decontamination
6) Denitrification
7) Defluorization
8) Fluorization
effectivity
-
on
necessary

22. CHLORINATION of WATER

1. MECHANISM OF BACTERICID ACTIVITY
At addition chlorine in water formed HCL, HOCL,
dissociating on ions Н +, CL-, OCL- (hypochlorite - ion)
2. SCHEME OF CHLORINATION:
CHLORINE NECESITY WATER:
CHLORINE ABSORPTION (connection with various
materials in water) - 90 - 95 % chlorine necessity water
RESIDUAL (free) CHLORINE - 0,3 - 0,5 mg/l

23. KINDS CHLORINATION WATER:

1.
USUAL (NORMAL) - on chlorine necessity
(residual chlorine 0,3 – 0,5 mg/l )
2.
DOUBLE - the dose of chlorine is divided till 50
% and is imported before and after clearing water
3. SUPERCHLORINATION (HYPERCHLORINATION) –
addition big dozes of chlorine.
Then
dechloration
(absorbtion,
Sodium
hyposulphitum).
4.
CHLORINATION With PRE-AMMONIZATION preliminary addition in water solution of ammonia formation Chloramines.

24. CLASSIFICATION SOURCES OF WATER SUPPLY

1)
2)
SURFACE WATERS
(open reservoirs - river, lake, reservoir).
UNDERGROUND WATERS:
А) Ground waters - wells, springs.
B) Interlayer waters = artesian waters
3) Atmospheric = meteoric waters - collecting
deposits.
4)
Desalting sea and ocean waters.

25. The hydrologic cycle

26. ZONES OF SANITARY GUARDING WATER RESERVOIRS

1. ZONE OF STRICT REGIMEN – place of
taking water and main structures of waterpipe
2. ZONE OF RESTRICTIONS - 2- 5 kms from
coast lake, some km upwards on flow the river
3. ZONE OF OBSERVATIONS – water receiving
territory of reservoir.

27. ECOLOGIC AND HYGIENIC PROBLEMS POLLUTION WATER RESERVOIRS

1. NATURAL - inundation, floating of ice, corruption of
a biota, euthrophication reservoirs, seasonal
destruction of hydrobionts
2. ANTHROPOGENIC:
Household sewage
Industrial sewage
Agricultural sewage
Dumping of a wastage
Aqueous transport, port works
Atomic energetics and military nuclear polygons
Recreational using

28. ECOLOGIC AND HYGIENIC CONSEQUENCES OF POLLUTION WATER RESERVOIRS

ECOLOGIC AND HYGIENIC
CONSEQUENCES OF POLLUTION
HYGIENIC:
ECOLOGICAL:
WATER RESERVOIRS
Restriction or liquidation
water using
Deterioration hygienic
conditions life of the
population
Accumulation dangerous
levels toxicants In fish
Pollution contact
objects of environment
(air, ground etc.)
- convertible and
unconvertible changes of
hydroecosystems
- drop productivity of
hydroecosystems
- liquidation important
kinds of hydrobionts
- succession
hydroecoecosystems

29. THE BASIC DIRECTIONS PROTECTION WATER RESERVOIRS FROM POLLUTION

1. ADMINISTRATIVE - STATE MEASURES
2. HYGIENIC MEASURES:
1) PREVENTIVE SANITARY SUPERVISION:
Expertise of the designs, technologies etc.
Standartization harmful substances in water of reservoirs:
CRITERIES of HARMFULNESS:
organoleptic
changes of sanitary regimen
toxicological
2) CURRENT SANITARY SUPERVISION –
quality control of water,
search sources of pollution,
concrete measures on enriching quality of water.

30.

3. MEDICAL-PREVENTIVE MEASURES - learning state
of health of the population in connection with quality
of water
4. ARCHITECTURAL - PLANNING MEASURE - zones
of sanitary guarding of water resourses etc.
5. ECOLOGICAL MEASURES –
ecological monitoring state of hydroecosystems in
connection with pollution,
learning influence pollutants on hydrobionts
6. TECHNOLOGICAL MEASURES:
Selfcontained technologies - absence sewage
Changes in technology - drop pollutants in
sewage