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Kazakh-American Free University

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Kazakh-American Free University
Sociology
Valentina V. Gersonskaya,
associate professor
Autumn 2020

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Culture

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Outline
Culture. Social Culture.
Aspects of Culture
Social Norms and Values
Anomie
Symbols
Culture Standards and Rules
Culture and Language
10/26/2021
Sociology
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What does culture comprise?
What is more specific: values or norms?
What does any … centrism mean?
When do we use social norms?
How many languages can you speak?
10/26/2021
Sociology
4

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Social Culture
Social culture is all the beliefs, behaviors and
products that are common to members of a
particular group.

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Aspects of Culture
Social organization
Language
Customs and Traditions
Arts and Literature
Religion
Form of Government
Economic System
Sociology, 12th Edition by
John Macionis
Copyright 2008 Prentice
Hall, a division of Pearson
Education. All rights
reserved.

7.

material
Culture
nonmaterial
Physical objects (tools,
Language, values,
technologies, factories,
norms
consumer goods, offices,
schools,
places
of
worship,
cities
and
towns).

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Social Norms and Values
Social Norms – the shared rules in a
particular culture that tell its members
how to behave in a given situation.

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Norms
Habits
Traditions
Customs

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Values
Values are highly general ideas about what
is good, right or just in a particular culture.

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Values and Beliefs
Values
Values support beliefs.
Beliefs
Particular matters that individuals
consider to be true or false.
Sociology, 12th Edition by John
Macionis
Copyright 2008 Prentice
Hall, a division of Pearson
Education. All rights reserved.

12.

Anomie
Anomie is a state of normlessness.

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Types of Social Culture
High
Folk
Pop

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Ethnocentrism
and Cultural Relativism
Ethnocentrism
– The practice of judging another
culture by the standards of one’s
own culture.
Cultural relativism
– The practice of judging a culture by
its own standards.
Sociology, 12th Edition by
John Macionis
Copyright 2008 Prentice
Hall, a division of Pearson

15.

Ethnocentrism
the tendency to see things from the
point of view of the observer’s
culture.
Eurocentrism – belief that European
values
and
experiences
are
universally shared.
Androcentrism – “male-centredness”
Sociology, 12th Edition by John Macionis
Copyright 2008 Prentice Hall, a division
of Pearson Education. All rights reserved.

16.

Symbols
Anything that carries a particular meaning
recognized by people who share a culture.
Societies create new symbols all the time.
Reality for humans is found in the meaning
things carry with them.

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Types of Cultural Standards and
Rules
Values
Norms
Mores
Taboos
Laws
Folkways

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Mores and Taboos
Mores – strongly held norms. Violation of such
norms is against the standards of a particular
country.
Taboos – extremely strongly held norms.
Violation of taboos is forbidden / unthinkable.

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Laws and Folkways
Laws – norms that have been legislated by the
state.
Folkways – fairly weak norms. Violation is not
considered quite serious in a particular culture.

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Social Control
Various means by which members of society
encourage conformity to norms.
Guilt
A negative judgment we make about
ourselves.
Shame
The painful sense that others disapprove of
our actions.

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Ideal Versus Real Culture
Ideal culture
– The way things should be.
– Social patterns mandated by values and norms.
Real culture
– The way things actually occur in everyday life.
– Social patterns that only approximate cultural
expectations.

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Culture and Language

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Language
How many languages can
you speak ?

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Language
Language is a system of verbal (and written
representations)
learned
within
a
particular culture.
Language is a system of associations of
signs with our mental picture of objective
reality.

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HOW LANGUAGE SHAPES THE WAY WE
THINK
Youtube
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RKK7
wGAYP6k

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Language
A system of symbols that allows people to
communicate with one another.
Cultural transmission
– The process by which one generation
passes culture to the next.
Sapir-Whorf thesis
– People perceive the world through the
cultural lens of language.

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Language
Gender differences (+ age)
Cultural differences
Community differences
Economic differences

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Gender Differences
People of different gender make different
use of language.
Cultural Differences
(“Blue” – «голубой», «синий»)

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Сommunity Differences
jargons/ living vs. working environment/
style
Economic Differences
Language programs in developed countries

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Culture Shock
–Disorientation due to the
inability to make sense out
of one’s surroundings.
• Domestic and foreign travel
Sociology, 12th Edition by
John Macionis
Copyright 2008 Prentice
Hall, a division of Pearson
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