Classification of phonemes. Lecture 2-

1. Lecture 2 ”Classification of phonemes”

2. Lecture 2 “Classification of phonemes”

Articulatory and physiological mechanisms of speech
sounds
2) The meaning of the phoneme
3) Classification of the phonemes
1)

3. 1. Articulatory and physiological mechanisms of speech sounds

What cannot be speech
formed without from
physiological viewpoint?

4. 4 basic speech mechanisms

Power M.
Vibrator M.
Resonator M.
Obstructer M.

5. Power mechanism

Can you name?
1
2
3
4
5
6
7

6. Power mechanism

Can you name?
1
1) Diaphragm
2
[‘daiәfǣm]
3
42) Bronchi [ˈbrɒŋkaɪ]
3) Windpipe
5
6
4) Glottis
7
5) Larynx
6) Mouth cavity
7) Nasal cavity

7. Vibrator mechanism

Consists of vocal cords
What are the vocal cords?
Vocal cords are two horizontal folds
of elastic tissue (Leontieva)

8. What is the average cord vibration per second for the man and women?

a) 130 – man, 230- woman
b) 230-man, 130- woman
c) 250-man, 150- woman
d) 150-man, 250-woman

9. What is the average cord vibration per second for the man and women?

a) 130 – man, 230- woman
b) 230-man, 130- woman
c) 250-man, 150- woman
d) 150-man, 250-woman

10. Resonator mechanism

consists of:
the pharynx,
the larynx,
the mouth cavity
the nasal cavity.

11. Resonator mechanism

12. Obstructer mechanism

consists of the tongue (blade with the
tip, front, back):
the lips,
the teeth,
the soft palate with the uvula,
the hard palate,
the alveolar ridge.

13. Obstructer mechanism

Match, please:
-Blade with the tip of the
tongue
-Back of the tongue/dorsum
-front of the tongue
-lips
-teeth
-uvula
-soft palate
-hard palate
-alveolar ridge

14. Obstructer mechanism

Match, please:
-Blade with the tip of the
tongue
-Back of the tongue/dorsum
-front of the tongue
-lips
-teeth
-uvula
-soft palate
-hard palate
-alveolar ridge

15. 2. The meaning of the phoneme

Phoneme is …

16. Classical definition of the phoneme (V.A. Vassilyev)

17.

18.

19. 3 articulatory criteria:

Articulatory differences between vowels,
consonants and sonorants depend on the 3
articulatory criteria:
1. the presence or absence of an articulatory
obstruction to the air stream in the larynx;
2. the concentrated or diffused character of
muscular tension;
3. the force of exhalation.

20. 3. Classification of phonemes

Vowels
Consonants
Sonorants

21. Consonant

sounds in the production of which
a) there is an articulatory obstruction to
the air stream (complete or incomplete),
b) muscular tension is concentrated in
the place of obstruction;
c) the exhaling force is rather strong.

22. Vowels

sounds in the production of which
a) there is no articulatory obstruction to the
air stream;
b) muscular tension is concentrated more or
less evenly throughout the supra-glottal part
of the speech apparatus;
c) the exhaling force is rather weak

23. Sonorants

sounds intermediate between noise consonants and vowels
because they have features common to both.
There is an obstruction, but not narrow enough to produce
noise. Muscular tension is concentrated in the place of
obstruction, but the exhaling force is rather weak.
English sonorants are [m, n, ŋ, l, w, r, j].

24. Articulatory and physiological classification

Articulatory and physiological classification of English consonants
according to the following pronounles:
I. Work of the vocal cords and the force of exhalation.
II. Active organ of speech and the place of obstructor.
III. Manner of noise production and the type of obstruction with the
following subdivisions:
(1) voice or noise prevalence
(2) number of noise producing foci
(3) shape of the narrowing
IV. Position of the soft palate

25. Classification of consonants

III. From the point of view of the closure consonants may be
of
(1) occlusive when complete closure is made (p, b, t, d, k, g,
m, ŋ);
(2) constrictive, when the closure is incomplete (f, r, θ, w, l,
r);
(3) occlusive-constrictive or affricates, when the combination
of 2 closures takes place [t∫, d ];
(4) rolled-intermittent closure – Russian p. Some phonetic
include in the 3rd group lateral, nasals and semivowels.

26. Classification of consonants

IV. – Oral-soft palate is raised and the air passes through the
larynx and month cavity
- Nasal consonants – soft palate is lowered and the air passes
through the nasal cavity [m, n, ŋ]

27. I. Consonant are subdivided into

- voiced – vocal cords are drawn together and vibrate
- voiceless – vocal cords are apart and don’t vibrate
Voiced consonants are also called “fortis” (Latin) – the force of
exhalation is greater and “lenis” – soft, when the force of exhalating is
weaker.
II. Consonant are classified into:
- labial – bilabial and labio-dental
- lingual – a) forelingual – dorsal, , θ, apiсal, cacuminal
b) medio-lingual
c) backlingual
- pharyngal or glottal – h

28.

Classification of Consonants

29. Articulatory and physiological classification of English vowels

30. Classification of vowels

I. According to the stability of
articulation all English vowels are
divided into 3 groups:
1. Pure vowels or monophthongs (12)
2. Diphthongs (8)
3. Diphthongoids (2)

31. Monophthongs

Monophthongs are vowels the
articulation of which is almost
unchanging. The quality of such
vowels is relatively pure.
The English monophthongs are [i, e,
æ, ɑ:, ɒ, ɔ:, ʌ, ɜ:, ə, ʊ].

32. Diphthongs

In the pronunciation of diphthongs the
organs of speech glide from one vowel
position to another within one syllable. The
starting point, the nucleus, is strong and
distinct. The glide which shows the
direction of the quality change is weak.
The English diphthongs are [ei, ai, ɔi, aʊ, iə,
ɛə, ʊə].

33. Diphthongoids

In the pronunciation of diphthongoids the
articulation is slightly changing but the difference
between the starting point and the end is not
distinct as it is in the case of diphthongs. English
diphthongoids are [i:, u:].
In Russian the initial [o] may serve as an example
of a Russian diphthongoid in the word “очень”.

34. According to the tongue position English vowels may be:

1. Front vowels: [i:, e, æ] – the tongue is in the
front part of the mouth and the front part of it is
raised to the hard palate.
2. Front-retracted vowels: [i] – the tongue is in
the front part of the mouth and is slightly retracted
and the part of the tongue is nearer to front is
raised.
3. Central vowel: [ʌ, ɜ:, ə,]
4. Back vowels: [ɑ:, ɒ, ɔ:, u:]
5. Back-advanced vowels: [ʊ]

35. Classification based on different height towards the roof of the mouth

(close, mid, open vowels).
broad and narrow variants of close, mid and open vowels.
There are:

36. III. Classification of vowels according to the lip position :

1. Unrounded vowels [i:, i, e, æ, ɑ:, ʌ,
ɜ:, ə ] – the lips are neutral or spread.
2. Rounded vowels [ɒ, ɔ:, ʊ, u:] - lips
are protruded.

37. IV. Classification according to the vowel end

The quality of all monophthongs in the stressed position is strongly
affected by the following consonant of the same syllable. According
to the character of vowel end the vowels may be:
1. Checked (better, cart) – a stressed vowel is followed by a strong
voiceless consonant and a vowel is cut off by it.
2. Free (before, money,begger, bead) – a vowel is followed by a
weak consonant or by no consonant and the end of it is weak. Such
vowels are in closed syllables ending in a voiced consonant or in an
open syllable.

38. V. Classification according to the length

the vowels may be:
1. Long [i; ɑ:, ɔ:, u:, ɜ:]
2. Short [i, e, ɒ , ʊ, ʌ, ə]