New russian version of the test of existential motivations. Development and testing

1. New Russian Version of the Test of Existential Motivations: development and testing

Elena Ukolova, Vladimir Shumskiy
National Research University “Higher School of
Economics”, Moscow

2. TEM – new Russian version: the purpose of developing

First Russian-language version of TEM (Koryakina,
2010, 2011):
- haven't undergone strict psychometric testing (a
validity, internal structure of the test)
- the contents of items are more focused on counseling
and therapeutic practice, but not on researches in the
general population
- some items of the test don't express specifics of the
measured constructs (the contents of FM)
- items obtained by direct translation from the German
version TEM v.2.1 and encountered significant
language/wording problems in Russian

3. TEM – new Russian version: the purpose of developing

In Russian it is developed TEMIR – Test to
Measure
Existential
Motivations
in
Interpersonal
Relationships
(Ukolova,
Shumskiy, Osin, 2014), which:
- has the clear structure corresponding to the
four fundamental existential motivations
- have undergone strict psychometric testing
- productively used in researches on Russian
samples

4. TEM – new Russian version: the purpose of developing

Based on the same principles as the TEMIR
develop questionnaire to assesses integral
factors of personal existence or an integral
subjective representation of the quality of
one’s life.
Difference: in the new Russian version of TEM
we have decided to use a 4-point Likert scale,
but not 6-point Likert scale, as in TEMIR,
because 6-point response format predisposed
to over-agreement

5. TEMIR:Theoretical background

TEM
TEMIR:Theoretical
– new Russian version:
theoretical
background
background
Using A. Längle’s theory of existential
fundamental motivations we can describe
the motivational aspects that are needed in
order for one to be fully present as a
person in his/her life and to experience
fulfilment

6. TEM - new Russian version: theoretical background

FM
Content of
motivation
Prerequisites for realization of
motivation
1st FM
Fundamental
Trust
Space
Protection
Support
2nd FM
Value of Life
Relatedness
Time
Closeness
3rd FM
Authenticity
Attention
Justice
Appreciation
4th FM
Meaning
Field of
Activity
Structural
Context
Value to be
realized in
Future

7. TEM – new Russian version: theoretical background

The structure of four fundamental
motivations, each of which has three
prerequisites resulting in 12 facets of
existential fulfilment served as the
theoretical basis we used to develop the
questionnaire

8. TEM – new Russian version: structure

Fundamental Trust = Support + Protection + Space
Value of Life = Relation + Time + Closeness
Authenticity = Attention + Justice+ Appreciation
Meaning = Field of Activity + Structural Context +
Value to be realized in Future
Existential Fulfillment General = Fundamental
Trust + Value of Life + Authenticity +
Meaning

9. TEM – new Russian version: steps of development

• The items were formulated independently by the
authors,
• reviewed by 13 other content experts with a degree in
existential analytic counseling,
• reviewed in a focus group with M.Sc. students studying
existential analysis.
The final item pool included 94 items, between 7
and 9 items per each of the 12 theoretical facets.

10. TEM – new Russian version: steps of development

The study sample included 897
respondents:
277 males (31%)
610 females (62%)
an age range between 18 and 70,
average 28

11. TEMIR: steps of development

TEM – new Russian version:
TEMIR:
steps
of
development
steps of development
We applied hierarchical cluster analysis
using Ward’s method with Squared
Euclidean distance metric to 94 items
standardized into z-scores by
variable.

12. TEM – new Russian version: steps of development

13. TEM – new Russian version: steps of development

Hierarchical cluster analysis s allowed to
select 3 indicator items for each of the 3
prerequisites of each of the 4 fundamental
existential motivations.
So we selected a set of 36 items grouped
into 12 parcels.

14. TEM – new Russian version: steps of development

Confirmatory factor analysis supported a
hierarchical structure of the 36-item set
with 12 first-order factors, 4 second-order
factors and 1 third-order factor.
We relied on CFI>0.95 and RMSEA<0.05 as
criteria of a good fit, and CFI>0.90 and
RMSEA<0.08 as criteria of an acceptable fit
of the model to the data.

15. TEM – new Russian version: validity studies

Construct validity - Russian-language versions of
the following tests were used:
• Subjective Happiness Scale (SHS Lyubomirsky, Lepper, 1999);
• The Alienation Test (Maddi, Kobasa, Hoover,
1980);
• Rotter's Internal-External Locus of Control
Scale (Rotter, 1966)
• Mini-Mult - short vervion of MMPI, Minnesota
Multiphasic Personality Inventory (Kincannon,
1968)

16. TEM – new Russian version: construct validity

Subjective
Happiness
Scale
The
Alienation
Test
External
Locus
Internal
Locus
1FM
0,63**
-0,63**
-0,37**
0,36**
2FM
0,44**
-0,55**
-0,25*
0,25*
3FM
0,51**
-0,53**
-0,32**
0,31*
4FM
0,53**
-0,55**
-0,49**
0,48**
** 0,01 significance *0,05 significance

17. TEM – new Russian version: construct validity

1 FM
2 FM
3FM
4FM
Hypochondriasis
-0,25*
0,00
-0,05
-0,34*
Depression
-0,30*
-0,23*
-0,18
-0,62**
Hysteria
-0,22*
-0,09
-0,24*
-0,42**
Psychopathia
-0,21*
-0,13
-0,14
-0,41**
Paranoia
-0,03
-0,05
-0,06
-0,17
Psychasthenia
-0,22*
-0,24*
-0,20
-0,50**
Schizophrenia
-0,25*
-0,13
-0,10
-0,41**
Hypomania
-0,09
-0,07
-0,07
-0,19
** 0,01 significance *0,05 significance

18. Reliability analysis: Alfa-Kronbakh

Support
Protection
Space
Time
Relatedness
Closeness
0.764
0.702
0.746
0.723
0.648
0.733
3 FM
Justice
Appreciation
Attention
Value to be realized in Future
Structural Context
0.552
0.739
0.518
0.629
0.755
4FM
Field of Activity
0.715
1 FM
2 FM
0.820
0.736
0.701
0.806
TOTAL
0.894

19. Dear respondent, Please use the scale below to estimate to what extent the following statements correspond to you

Completely does
not correspond
Tends not to
correspond
Tends to
corresponds
Completely
corresponds
o----------------o---------------o----------------o
Prerequisite for
realization of
fundamental
existential
motivation
1
Justice
2
Justice
3
Justice
STATEMENT
Sometimes, I do to others an
injustice*
I do not always guided by what I
think is right*
I frequently doing wrong the dictates
of conscience*
To what extent does this
statement correspond to
me?
Completely does not
correspond —
Completely corresponds
o-----o-----o-----o
o-----o-----o-----o
o-----o-----o-----o

20.

4
Appreciation
I understand that I do not have
enough self-esteem*
5
Appreciation
I'm not at all self-respect*
o-----o-----o-----o
6
Appreciation
I appreciate myself for who I am
o-----o-----o-----o
7
Support
In life I have reliable support
o-----o-----o-----o
8
Support
In my life, I have nothing to rely on*
o-----o-----o-----o
Support
I do not feel support from my close
people*
o-----o-----o-----o
I constantly feel an acute shortage of
time*
o-----o-----o-----o
I constantly have not enough time for
that I feel is really important for
myself*
My life is in a constant rush and
bustle*
I usually feel insecure*
o-----o-----o-----o
This world is full of threats and
dangers*
I feel well protected from life falsities
o-----o-----o-----o
9
10 Time
11 Time
12 Time
13 Protection
14 Protection
15 Protection
o-----o-----o-----o
o-----o-----o-----o
o-----o-----o-----o
o-----o-----o-----o

21.

16 Space
17 Space
18 Space
19 Field of activity
20 Field of activity
21 Field of activity
22 Structural context
23 Structural context
24 Structural context
Value to be
25 realized in the
future
Value to be
26 realized in the
future
I feel that I do not have enough space
for life*
I feel that my life circumstances put
pressure on me*
I have enough space for the life and
development
I have quite opportunities to choose
something I want to be engaged in
I have nowhere to apply my strengths
and abilities*
I am not fascinated by any field of
activity*
I found my place in life
I feel that I am a part of something
important
I feel that I am demanded by the
world
For me, the future is more important
than the past
o-----o-----o-----o
I have a lot to do in life
o-----o-----o-----o
o-----o-----o-----o
o-----o-----o-----o
o-----o-----o-----o
o-----o-----o-----o
o-----o-----o-----o
o-----o-----o-----o
o-----o-----o-----o
o-----o-----o-----o
o-----o-----o-----o

22.

I feel that I will have something
important in the future
o-----o-----o-----o
28 Attention
I look at the world with an interest
and attention
o-----o-----o-----o
29 Attention
I find it interesting to observe myself
o-----o-----o-----o
30 Attention
I am not focus on my inner world*
o-----o-----o-----o
31 Relatedness
Frequently, I do not feel emotionally
involved in what is happening*
o-----o-----o-----o
32 Relatedness
What is happening around does not
affect me emotionally*
o-----o-----o-----o
I prefer to take a detached position in
relation to everything that is
happening in the world*
o-----o-----o-----o
It is hard for me to converge with
people*
o-----o-----o-----o
I prefer not to engage into contact
with people without an absolute
necessity*
I prefer to keep a distance toward
other people *
o-----o-----o-----o
Value to be
27 realized in the
future
33 Relatedness
34 Closeness
35
Closeness
36 Closeness
o-----o-----o-----o

23.

Thank you for your attention!