Protein biosynthesis in the cell

1.

PROTEIN BIOSYNTHESIS IN THE CELL
Prepared: Vahabova D.
Checked by: Aidarbekova A.

2.

Plan:
• 1. Genetic code. Characteristics of the genetic code.
2. Conditions for protein biosynthesis.
3. Stages of protein biosynthesis.

3.

PROTEINSYNTHESIS ISTHE PROCESSWHEREBY
BIOLOGICAL CELLSGENERATE NEW PROTEINS;
IT IS BALANCED BYTHE LOSS OF CELLULAR PRO
TEINS VIA DEGRADATIONOR EXPORT.TRANSLA
TION,THE ASSEMBLY OF AMINO ACIDS BY RIBO
SOMES, IS AN ESSENTIAL PART OFTHE BIOSYN
THETIC PATHWAY, ALONGWITH GENERATIONO
F MESSENGER RNA
(MRNA), AMINOACYLATIONOFTRANSFER RNA
(TRNA), COTRANSLATIONALTRANSPORT,AND POSTTRANSLATIONAL MODIFICATION. PROTEIN BIO
SYNTHESIS IS STRICTLY REGULATEDAT MULTIP
LE STEPS.[1]THEY ARE PRINCIPALLY DURINGTR
ANSCRIPTION (PHENOMENA OF RNA SYNTHESI
S FROM DNATEMPLATE)ANDTRANSLATION (P
HENOMENAOF AMINO ACID ASSEMBLY FROM R
NA).

4.

• In transcription an mRNA chain is generated, with one strand of the
DNA double helix in the genome as a template. This strand is called
the template strand. Transcription can be divided into 3 stages:
initiation, elongation, and termination, each regulated by a large
number of proteins such as transcription factors and coactivators
that ensure that the correct gene is transcribed
• Transcription occurs in the cell nucleus, where the DNA is held and
is never able to leave. The DNA structure of the cell is made up of two
helixes made up of sugar and phosphate held together by hydrogen
bonds between the bases of opposite strands. The sugar and the
phosphate in each strand are joined together by stronger
phosphodiester covalent bonds. The DNA is "unzipped" (disruption of
hydrogen bonds between different single strands) by the enzyme
helicase, leaving the single nucleotide chain open to be copied.

5.

In transcription an mRNA chain is generated, with one
strand of the DNA double helix in the genome as a
template. This strand is called the template strand.
Transcription can be divided into 3 stages: initiation,
elongation, and termination, each regulated by a large
number of proteins such as transcription factors and
coactivators that ensure that the correct gene is
transcribed

6.

7.

The genetic code is the set of rules used by
living cells to translate information
encoded within genetic material (DNA or
mRNA sequences) into proteins.
Translation is accomplished by the
ribosome, which links amino acids in an
order specified by messenger RNA
(mRNA), using transfer RNA (tRNA)
molecules to carry amino acids and to
read the mRNA three nucleotides at a
time. The genetic code is highly similar
among all organisms and can be
expressed in a simple table with 64
entries.

8.

9.

For direct protein biosynthesis, it is necessary that the following
components be present in the cell:
Messenger RNA (mRNA) - a carrier of information from DNA to the
assembly site of a protein molecule;
Ribosomes - organoids, where the actual protein biosynthesis
occurs;
A set of amino acids in the cytoplasm;
transport RNA (tRNA) encoding amino acids and transporting them
to the site of biosynthesis on ribosomes;
Enzymes that catalyze the process of biosynthesis;
ATP is a substance that provides energy for all processes.

10.

1 - transcription;
2 - reaction of addition
of amino acids;
3 - broadcast;
4 - DNA;
5 - messenger RNA;
6 - transport RNA;
7 - amino acid;
8 - ribosome;
9 - synthesized protein

11.

• Protein biosynthesis is a multistage process of
protein synthesis and maturation that occurs
in living organisms. In protein biosynthesis,
two main steps are distinguished: synthesis of
a polypeptide chain from amino acids that
occurs on ribosomes with the participation of
mRNA and tRNA molecules (translation), and
post-translational modifications of the
polypeptide chain. The process of protein
biosynthesis requires significant energy