Phanerozoic climate change

1.

АНТРОПОГЕН
The Gelasian age was introduced
in the geologic timescale in 1998.
It is named after the Sicilian city
of Gela in the south of the island.
In 2009 it was moved from the
Pliocene to the Pleistocene so that
the geologic time scale be more
consistent with the key changes in
Earth's climate, oceans, and biota
that occurred 2.588 million years
ago.

2.

КЛІМАТОХРОНОЛОГІЧНИЙ ПОДІЛ ГОЛОЦЕНУ

3.

PHANEROZOIC CLIMATE CHANGE
Relative changes in
oxygen isotope ratios
can be interpreted as
rough changes in
climate. It is estimated
that each 1 part per
thousand change in
18O represents roughly
a 1.5-2 °C change in
tropical sea surface
temperatures.
The blue bars are
showing periods when
geological criteria
indicate cold
temperatures and
glaciation.
The J-К period, plotted as a lighter blue bar, was interpreted as a "cool" period on
geological grounds, but the configuration of continents at that time appears to have
prevented the formation of large scale ice sheets. The "short-term average" is a σ = 3
Myr, the "long-term average" is a σ = 15 Myr Gaussian average of the short-term record.

4. Great Permian Extinction (COLLOQUIALLY KNOWN AS THE GREAT DYING)

Percentage of genera that are
present in each interval of time but
do not exist in the following interval
GREAT PERMIAN EXTINCTION
(COLLOQUIALLY KNOWN AS THE GREAT DYING)
The Permian-Triassic extinction event is the most significant
event for marine genera, with just over 50% failing to survive
Millions of years ago
It is the Earth's most severe known extinction event, with up to 96% of all marine
species and 70% of terrestrial vertebrate species becoming extinct. It is the only known
mass extinction of insects. Some 57% of all families and 83% of all genera became
extinct. Because so much biodiversity was lost, the recovery of life on Earth took
significantly longer than after any other extinction event, possibly up to 10 million years.

5.

ПАЛЕОЦЕН

6.

ЕОЦЕН

7.

ОЛІГОЦЕН

8.

МІОЦЕН

9.

СLIMATE CHANGE OVER THE LAST 65 MILLION YEARS
The data are based on a compilation of
oxygen isotope measurements 18O on
benthic foraminifera which reflect a
combination of local temperature changes
in their environment and changes in the
isotopic composition of sea water
associated with the growth and retreat of
continental ice sheets.
(present day is indicated as 0)

10.

ПРИЧИНИ КЛІМАТИЧНИХ КОЛИВАНЬ
Мілутин
МІЛАНКОВИЧ
(1879–1958)

11.

TEMPERATURE CHANGES OBSERVED IN ANTARCTICA
DURING THE ICE AGES

12.

CLIMATE CHANGE DURING THE LAST FIVE MILLION YEARS
Oscillations
by Willi Dansgaard and Hans Oeschger
The rapid oscillations in the glacial state are showing

13.

ПЛЕЙСТОЦЕН

14.

HOLOCENE TEMPERATURE VARIATIONS
The records are plotted with respect to the
mid 20th century average temperature

15.

RECONSTRUCTED TEMPERATURE FROM GREENLAND
(GISP2 ICE CORE) PLUS BOND EVENTS
North Atlantic climate fluctuations occurring every ≈1470 years

16.

BOND EVENT NO 7: MAMMOTHS EXTINCTION
Why mammoths became extinct?
God, why?
• global warming;
• by hunters of the Upper Paleolithic, in particular through the
excessive extermination;
• loss of genetic diversity;
• Mammoth pandemic diseases (tuberculosis).
Dale Guthrie (Дейл Гатрі): Increased humidity and warming that occurred 11,5-13,5
thousand years ago led to the fact that edible plants began to meet in more northern
areas. After them there were moved the horses, mammoths, bison and deer. But then
the climate, which is more warmer, played havoc with the large mammals. Here grew
the trees, depriving light for the low-growing plants that the animals ate. With the forest
their food is moved from the ground to the treetops and was not available for them.
Probably as a result, deer and bison have adapted to the new landscape better than
mammoths and horses.
At the same time the spread of forests in Siberia, Alaska and then other parts of north
continents there were appears a people who were engaged in hunting. Shortly
thereafter, a prehistoric horse, and then the mammoth were died out. The population
of bison and deer declined, but they survived, like moose.

17.

WHO IS OUR PROGENITOR?
Homo sapiens
Neanderthalensis
(600-30 Kyr ago)
Homo ergaster
(1,8-1,4 Myr ago)
Homo habilis
(2,6-2,5 Myr ago)
Homo sapiens
Cromagnonsis
(150-10 Kyr ago)

18.

MAN EVENT NO 1: MAMMOTHS DE-EXTINCTION
An estimated 150 million mammoths are buried in the Siberian tundra.
The use of preserved genetic material to create living mammoth specimens,
particularly in regard to the woolly mammoth, has long been discussed theoretically but
has only recently become the subject of formal effort. As of 2015, there are three major
ongoing projects, one led by Akira Iritani of Japan, another by Hwang Woo-suk of South
Korea, and the Long Now Foundation, attempting to create a mammoth-elephant hybrid.
In April 2015, Swedish scientists published the complete genome (complete DNA
sequence) of the woolly mammoth. Meanwhile, a Harvard University team is already
attempting to study the animals' characteristics by inserting some mammoth genes into
Asian elephant stem cells. So far, the team placed mammoth genes involved in blood,
fat and hair into elephant stem cells in order to study the effects of these genes in
laboratory cultured cells. It is still unknown if the actual cloning of a living woolly
mammoth is possible.
The projects are based on finding suitable mammoth DNA in frozen bodies,
sequencing its genome and, if possible, gradually combining the DNA with elephant
cells. If the cells turn viable in laboratory tests, the next challenge would be creating a
viable "mammoth" hybrid embryo by inseminating an elephant egg in vitro. The percent
mammoth contribution to the genome would be gradually increased on each hybrid
embryo produced in vitro. If a viable hybrid embryo is obtained, it may be possible to
implant it into a female Asian elephant housed in a zoo. With the current knowledge and
technology, it is still unlikely that the hybrid embryo would be carried through the twoyear gestation.

19.

RECONSTRUCTIONS OF MEAN TEMPERATURE CHANGES
DURING THE LAST 2 MILLENNIUMS
More recent reconstructions are plotted towards the front and in redder colors, older
reconstructions appear towards the back and in bluer colors. An instrumental history of
temperature is also shown in black. Each reconstruction was adjusted so that its mean
matched the mean of the instrumental record during the period of overlap.

20.

RECONSTRUCTIONS OF MEAN TEMPERATURE CHANGES
DURING THE 2ND MILLENNIUM
More recent reconstructions are plotted towards the front and in redder colors, older
reconstructions appear towards the back and in bluer colors. An instrumental history of
temperature is also shown in black. Each reconstruction was adjusted so that its mean
matched the mean of the instrumental record during the period of overlap.

21.

АБРАХАМ ХОНДИУС (1631–1691)
“THE FROZEN THAMES” (1677)

22.

GABRIELE BELLA.
THE FROZEN LAGOON IN 1708 (VENEZIA)

23.

INSTRUMENTAL TEMPERATURE RECORD
OF THE LAST 150 YEARS

24.

ГОЛОЦЕН
СУЧАСНИЙ КЛІМАТИЧНИЙ ОПТИМУМ

25.

CLIMATE CHANGE ATTRIBUTION

26. Дякуємо за увагу!

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