Evolution I Antibiotic Resistance

1.

G11.4B – Evolution I Antibiotic Resistance
Evidence for change within populations
Mega Plate Bacterial Resistance (2min)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yybsSqcB7mE
CIE Biology Jones
p402 to 418
Bozeman Natural Selection 10 min
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R6La6_kIr9g&t=2s
Peppered moth simulation
http://peppermoths.weebly.com/
Extra help
Mechanisms of evolution Website
https://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/article/evo_14
Mrs Cooper A level Biology Variation (8 min
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tKQXnU1Pgow
Mrs Cooper A level Natural Selection (16 mi
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AtlERbtrIzM
Learning Objectives
11.2.6.1 Analyze the evidence for evolution
Success Criteria
1. Name and describe three examples of evidence of evolution.
2. Explain how to test for antibiotic resistance.
3. Explain results of antibiotic resistance test.

2.

3. Vocabulary: Antibiotic Resistance and Evidence for Evolution

English
Antibiotic resistance
Zone of inhibition
Culture
Nutrient Agar
Petri dish
Antibiotic disc
Lawn
Variations
Mutations
Survival
Selective advantage
Evolutionary success
MRSA (Methicillin-resistant
Staphylococcus aureus)
Evidence
Fossil
Embryology
DNA
Structural
Darwinian
Natural Selection
Google Russian
Устойчивость к антибиотикам
Зона торможения
культура
питательный агар
чашка Петри
Антибиотик диск
лужайка
вариации
Мутации
выживание
селективное преимущество
Эволюционный успех
MRSA (метициллин-устойчивый
золотистый Aureus)
Доказательства
ископаемое
эмбриология
ДНК
структурный
дарвинистский
Естественный отбор

4. “Nothing in biology makes sense except in the light of evolution” Theodosius Dobzhansky wrote these words in 1973, he was

trying to blend the theories of evolution and
genetics.

5. Staphylococcus aureus bacteria 10,000X

MRSA Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus
Bacteria that is resistant to antibiotics

6. Zone of Inhibition – Bacterial “lawn” Death

7.

Kirby Bauer Assay
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BXr_kcki4Ag
Time Lapse 1 min
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-L4MeZBtvXM

8.

Where in did the bacteria resistant S. Aureus originate?

9.

10.

Site
Zone of
Inhibition
Frog Skin
1.2 cm
Penicillin
3.9 cm
Amoxicillin
3.6 cm
Control
0.1 cm

11.

Explain two
examples of evolution in response to
environmental change. Ask yourself “What is the…”
Example 1: Staphylococcus aureus (associated with a variety of
conditions, including skin and lung infections)
Variation: Antibiotic resistance (some strains have a drug-resistant gene ;
other strains do not)
Environmental change: Exposure to antibiotic (methicillin)
Response: Methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA) die, whereas methicillinresistant S. aureus (MRSA) survive and can pass ontheir genes
Evolution: Over time, the frequency of antibiotic resistance in the population
increases (drug-resistant gene can also be transferred by conjugation)
Example 2: Peppered Moth (Biston betularia)
Variation: Colouration (some moth have a light colour, while others are a
darker melanic colour)
Environmental change: Pollution from industrial activities caused trees to
blacken with soot during the Industrial Revolution
Response: Light coloured moths died from predation, whereas melanic moths
were camouflaged and survived to pass on their genes
Evolution: Over time, the frequency of the melanic form increased (with
improved industrial practices, the lighter variant has become more common)

12. Rock Pocket Mouse

13. Peppered Moth

14.

Fossil Evidence
Evidence for Evolution
Embryonic Evidence
Gill slits, fur, tail bone
Structural Evidence
Homologous,
analogous, vestigial
Chemical Evidence
DNA–amino
evidenceacid
DNA
Similar stages
of cell
differentiation
cleavage,
blastula,
gastrulation

15. Three Methods of Evolution

Convergent
Divergent:-most common
Human arm
Bat wing
Cat limb
Whale
flipper
No evidence of a
common ancestor
Co-evolution
Insect and flower
Common
Ancestor
Two different species
Examples: Speciation due to
evolve togetherBehavior, temporal, Reproductive
mutualism
15
isolation, geographic isolation

16. Fossils

Are the preserved
remains or traces of
animals, plants, and
other organisms from
the remote past.
Fossils
ammonite
Types of Fossils
mold
hollow impression of a living thing
in rock after it
cast
solid mineral deposit that filled a
mold, leaving a copy of the living
thing
imprint
an impression in rock made by a
living thing during its life activities
petrification
plant or animal tissue replaced by
minerals
whole animal
an entire plant or animal encased
and preserved in ice, sap, or
another material
Priscacara liops;
Green River, WY
Mermaid Fossil

17.

Homologous Structures
Human
Dog
Bird
Whale
Structures that share a common ancestry.
- Similarity of structure shows a common ancestor
Common ancestor
Divergent evolution
17

18.

Analogous Structures
Moth Wing
Pterodactyl wing
Bird Wing
Bat wing
Structures that have the same function (flight) but are structurally different
(feathers, filaments, tissues..). They come from different ancestors.
Note, the bird and bat share homologous bone structure but not flight function.
Different ancestors
Convergent evolution
18

19.

Vestigial Structures
Appendix
Wisdom teeth
Pelvis and
Femur
In a whale
Structure in an organism that is reduced in size
and function due to loss of usefulness in the
course of evolution.
19

20.

Embryology

21.

Biochemical Evidence

22.

23. Evolution II Learning Objectives

1. Explain the relationship between genetic
variability and evolution
2. Classify the main mechanisms of speciation
3. Know the factors affecting the frequency of
alleles

24. Evolution Learning Objectives

1. Explain the relationship between genetic variability
and evolution
-To study the inheritance of a trait, we study and individual.
-To study the genetic frequency of alleles, we study a
population.
-This study of a population is called the measurement of
variability.
-A population with high genetic variability has more
evolutionary success, where as a population with low genetic
diversity has a low evolutionary success and could quickly
reach extinction if there is a change in the environmental
condtions.
2. Classify the main mechanisms of speciation
3. Know the factors affecting the frequency of alleles

25.

Species
A single group of organisms
that are closely related and can
mate to reproduce fertile
offspring.
Swans
Barn Owls
Sea Horses
Turtle Doves
Geese
All examples show are species that have the same mate for life.

26.

Population
A group of a single
species that can
interbreed and
produce fertile
offspring
Birds
HUMANS
Cats
26

27.

Gene Pool
total number of
genes in a
population at
any one time
27

28. Vocabulary: Variation, speciation, frequency

Explain the relationship between genetic variability and evolution

29. What is Natural Selection?

• 1. Revise natural selection and variation, how it
leads to adaptations, and to how it leads to
changes in allelic frequency and finally speciation.
Hardy Weinburg introduced
• What is natural selection?
• What is variation?
• How does variation lead to adaptations?
• How does it lead to variation in allelic frequency.

30.

Selection – Darwin 3 min
What is natural selection? Natural
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BcpB_986wy
Natural Selection
k
Frog and its spawn
Charles Darwin proposed that
this mechanism causes species
to change.
These are the basic steps
1. Overproduction of
offspring.
2. Competition for limited
resources.
3. Survival and
reproduction OR death.
30

31.

Natural Selection
Aa, aa
aa
Light Form
Dark Form
of a Peppered Moth
of a Peppered Moth
A process by which individuals that have
favorable variations and are better adapted ot
their environment survive and reproduce more
successfully than less well adapted individuals.

32.

Diversity
Tree frog diversity within the species Philautus found in Western Ghats, India
The number of different variations one species
in a found in community.

33. Random Mating

- any individual organism can mate
Random
Mating
- gene pool is large due to
Non-ofRandom
the endless variety
mate –
mate combinationsMating
evolutionary effects
-more alleles in a population
-more chance for evolutionary change
-less chance of extinction
33

34.

Adaptations
an inherited trait
that increases an
organisms chance
of survival and
reproduction in its
particular
environment
Opposable Thumbs in Humans
34

35. Adaptive Radiation

“adaptive”= survival of fit
“radiation”= is branching from one source
leaves
Buds/fruits
seeds
Evolution
insects
of many
branches
of
organisms from a
single ancestor
Grub worms
uses tool to get insects
35

36. 1 - What are sources of variation?

-How does it lead to adaptations?
-What is survival of the fittest? Give some examples.
-What are the properties of Natural Selection?
How does it influence variation?
How does it influence allelic frequency
-What are the links between genetic variability and
evolution?
-What are the types of speciation?

37. 2-What are the types of speciation?

• Sympatric speciation
• Allopatric speciation
• Peripatric speciation
• Parapatric speciation

38.

Species
A group of organisms that
are closely related and can
mate to reproduce fertile
offspring.
Barn Owls
Sea Horses
Swans
Turtle Doves
Geese
All examples show are species that have the same mate for life.

39.

Hybrid
The offspring of
two animals or
plants of
different breeds,
varieties, or
species.
Usually infertile,
sterile.
Horse X Zebra = Zorse

40.

Species B
Species C
Speciation
one species diverging
into a new species
Causes
-geographic isolation
- behavior or temporal changes
Species A
Specific Change over time
40

41.

Speciation
When a species evolves
(branches) into a
new species as a result of
natural selection; the new
species can no longer
interbreed producting
fertile offspring.
Examples
-geographical isolation
-mating behavior
-breeding habits
-changes in food sources
Common Ancestor
Maltose Food
Starch Food
Many generations pass

42. Speciation

43.

Gradualism
Small changes in a population over a
long periods of time
Punctuated
Equilibrium
Sudden changes in a population that
happen rapidly followed by long
periods of no change
Common Ancestor
Common Ancestor
43

44. 3 – What are factors (mechanisms) that influence the frequency of alleles?

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Mutation
Migration
Genetic drift
Non-random mating
Selection and survival of the fittest. (2 groups)
-disruptive selection
-stabilizing selection
-directional selection

45. 3 - Investigate one factor affecting the frequency of alleles

Criteria
Clear use of terminology
Mechanism explained in your own words
Example of the factor
Picture of the factor

46.

Gene Mutation
A change in the DNA. This can cause
VARIATIONS in individuals which can
be passed to their offspring. Over time
mutations can change a population

47.

Gene Flow
A light colored allele immigrates
into a population of green colored
alleles
the physical flow (movement) of alleles into or out of a
population
immigration-flow of alleles into a population (added)
emigration- flow of alleles out of a population (lost)
47

48. Genetic Drift

a species gene pool will drift toward
genes of traits that allow for more
successful traits.
48

49. Non-Random Mating

-Only certain individual organisms
can mate
-
gene pool is small due to
Random
these organisms producing
Mating
more offspring with only their
genes
Non- Random
Mating
evolutionary effects
-less alleles in a population gene
pool
-less chance for evolutionary
change
-more chance of extinction
49

50. Directional

Natural selection can affect the frequency of phenotypes in a
population depending on which phenotype is favorable.
These are the three types of SELECTION.
Directional
Stabilizing
Disruptive
50

51. Behavioral Isolation

Occurs when two populations are capable of breeding but
have different courtship rituals
I don’t understand
!?!?
Я не понимаю
Common Ancestor
51

52. Geographic Isolation

Two populations are separated by geographical barriers such
as, Mountains, Lakes, Oceans, Rivers, Deserts…over time
speciation will occur.
Kaibab squirrel has a
black belly and lives on
the North Rim.
Abert squirrel has a
light colored belly and
lives on the South Rim
Grand Canyon, Arizona
Common Ancestor
52

53. Temporal Isolation

Speciation can occur when
reproduction begins to occur at
different times of day or night.
Dural = day
Nocturnal = night
Common Ancestor
53

54.

Sexual Selection
rituals…
Traits which attract
mates. Include
behavioral, structural
and physiological
Peacock feathers
Examples
Attractive coloring of fur, feathers, scents, mating calls, or
rituals.
54

55.

Reproductive Isolation
When one species has become so different that it can no longer interbreed to
produce successful offspring
Examples
Geographic barriers
Change in Anatomy or physiology
Behavior- bird mating calls are different
Temporal- mating times have changed seasons, or day to night 55

56.

Artificial
Broccoli: Flower
development is
suppressed
Cabbage: selection for
the terminal bud (head
only forms)
Cauliflower: flowers
are sterile
In contrast to natural selection this is the
intentional breeding or organisms for
certain favorable traits, or ombination of
traits.
Selection
Kale: selection is for
leaves only
Undomesticated
banana-lots of
seeds compared
to artificially
selected with
little to no seeds
56