Grammar…and what it really means to you

1. Grammar…

…and what it really means to you.

2.

3. Fear Not

You already know grammar!
Grammar is simply the use of language in
expected ways.
Every language, dialect, and even colloquialism
has a kind grammar.
The key to your education is that you learn the
rules of standard English, the language that we
all want to have in common.
Simply by using it correctly, you will learn it.

4. Let’s See How it Works!

You know how PARTS OF SPEECH work!
You know that from the MadLib games that you
used to play on long car rides.
The _______ hit me when I crossed the room.
I ______ the book later that evening.
Our team scored the winning _____.

5. You Know How to Build Sentences!

John ran to the corner.
__________
His friends were happy to see him.

6. And Complex Ones, at That!

______ you come to school, please come over to
the coffee shop for a brief meeting.
I love to read your essays ______ they are usually
very unique.
Becca is the kind of writer ______ makes me smile.

7. You Can Construct!

Take these five words and make a simple
sentence that make sense.
books
rare
I
to
love
read

8. You came up with something like this:

I love to read rare books.

9. And More!!

You can construct a compound sentence. Place
these words in an order that makes sense.
the thrill of independence
Emily
after the driver’s test, and
she felt
drove home

10. You came up with something like this:

Emily drove home after the driver’s
test, and she felt the thrill of
independence.

11. The Bottom Line…

You know grammar because your are a human
being and you have the ability to acquire
language.
Part of what makes language
understandable is that there are expected
patterns that we can follow. You know grammar.
Now take that a step further and learn how your
language works. This way, you will speak and
write in the Standard English that is expected of
any professional.

12.

Morphology
Syntax
Grammar

13.

sentence
Syntax
phrase
Grammar
morpheme
Morphology
word

14. Morphology

Morpheme
1
Morpheme
2
word

15. Traditional classification of morphemes

Stem
Affixes: prefixes,
suffixes, inflections

16. Distributional analysis

Free (stem)
Bound (Affixes:
prefixes, suffixes,
inflections)

17.

Overt
(a lexical
morpheme )
Covert
(a grammatical
one)

18. segmental & suprasegmental

segmental &
suprasegmental
(Supra-segmental morphemes are
intonation contours, accents,
pauses.)

19.

Additive (THE SAME AS
INFLECTION)

20. discontinuous morpheme

is a 2-element grammatical unit, which is
the analytical from comprising an
auxiliary word and a grammatical suffix:
e.g. be … ing – is going (continuous)
have … en – has gone (perfect)
be … en – is taken (passive)

21. Other morphological notions

Morph is the phonetic
realization of a morpheme
which studies the unit of
form,
sounds
and
phonetic
symbol.
The
morphs can be divided
into two important classes:
lexical and grammatical.
lexical
morphs
grammati
cal

22. 2 types of morphs

Lexical (ex : table, dog, walk)
Grammatical (ex : un-, -able, an, -ism)

23. Allomorph

Allomorph of the indefinite article: an (before vowels, ex:
an elephant)
Allomorphs of the regular past tense morpheme
/id/ after d, t: hated
/t/ after all other voiceless sounds: picked
/d/ after all other voiced sounds: wedged

24.

Some allomorph of the negative prefix in-
/im/ before bilabial sounds: impossible
/il/ before consonant /l/: illegal
/in/ elsewhere: independent

25.

simple
composite

26. The parts of a sentence

main
subject
подлежащее
predicate
сказуемое
subordinate attribute
определение
object
дополнение
Adverbial
modifier
обстоятельств
о

27. structure

simple
complex
sentence
composite
compound

28. Compound sentences in which simple sentences are equal in meaning and are bound by

connective
• and, да (= и) (= yes (=and)) , ни… ни… (=
neither... nor...) , also, также (= as well,) , не
только… но и (= not only... but) , как… так и (=
as... same ...)
separating
• то… то (= then... then...) , не то… не то… (=
not... not) , или (= or) , или… или (= or...
or) , либо (= or)
alternative
• а (= but) , но (= but) , да (= но) (= yes
(=but)) , однако (же) (= however) , зато (=
instead) , но зато (= but instead)

29. Complex sentences

Subject
clauses
That, whether, if (ли),
who(m), what, which,
when, where, how, why
What I want is help.
predicative
That, whether, if (ли),
who(m), what, which,
when, where, how, why
The fact was that I hardly
knew what to say.
attributive
Who, whom, whose,
which, that, when,
where, why
I met a school friend
whom I recognized at
once.
objective
Who, whom, whose,
which, that, when,
where, why
They told us that the
teacher was
disappointed.
Adverbial
Depends on the type
See next slide

30.

Adverbial clauses
of time
Adverbial clauses
of place
Adverbial clauses
of cause
Adverbial clauses
of manner and
comparison
Adverbial clauses
of result
Adverbial clauses
of concession
(уступительные)
Before it grew dark, we
reached the house.
Wherever I meet his brother, he
is always troubled.
We decided to camp there as
it was too dark to go on.
Pronounce the word as I do.
The weather was so warm that
I didn’t wear the jacket.
In spite of having no
qualifications, he got the job.