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Proto-Germanic Consonant Shift (Grimm’s Law)
Proto-Germanic Consonant Shift (Grimm’s Law) by Semyon Botvinev 302id
• There are regular correspondences between Germanic and non-Germanic consonants within the IE family.
• For example we regularly find[f] in Germanic where other IE languages have[p], and where in Germanic we find[p] , in non-Germanic languages we have [b].
• The alterations of the consonants took place in Proto- Germanic, and then these sounds were inherited by the languages of the Germanic group.
Grimm’s Law The changes of consonants in Proto-Germanic were first formulated in terms of a phonetic law by Jacob Grimm in the early 19th century.
These changes are often called the Grimm’sLaw .
It is also known as the Firstor Proto- Germanic consonant shift.
Grimm’s Law
• Act I : voiceless plosives developed into voiceless fricatives
• Act II : voiced plosives were shifted to voiceless plosives
• Act III : voiced aspirated plosives were reflected either as voiced fricatives or pure voiced plosives.
The First Proto-Germanic Consonant Shift consists of three acts: Grimm’s Law Proto Indo- European Proto- Germanic Non-Germanic Old-Germanic Modern Germanicbp L: labare R: слабый Gt: slepan OE: slǽpan ME: sleep MG: schlafendt L: edere R: еда Gt: itan OE: etan Sw: äta ME: eatgk L: agerGt: akrs O Icel: akr OE: æcer Sw: aker ME: acre Act I voiced plosives [b], [d], [g] voiceless plosives [p], t], [k] Act II Proto Indo- European Proto- Germanic Non-Germanic Old-Germanic Modern GermanicpfLpes,p edisGt:f ōtus O Icel:f ótrOE:fōtSw:fotMEfootMGFußtθLtresRт ри Gt: þreis O Icel: þrír OE: þreōSw:treMG:dreiME:threekx L cor,cordis Fr coeur R сердце Gt: haírto O Icel: hjarta OE: heort MG: Herz ME: heart voiceless plosives [p],[t],[k] voiceless fricatives [f],[θ],[x] Act III Proto Indo- European Proto- Germanic Non-Germanic Old-Germanic Modern Germanicbhv (or b) L: ferre R: беру Gt: baíran OE: beran MG: gebären ME: beardhð (or d) L: mediusGt: midjis [ð] OE: middel MG: Mittel ME: middlegɣ (or g) L: hostis R: гость Gt: gasts O Icel: gestr OE: giest Sw: gäst MG: Gast ME: guest voiced aspirated plosives [bh],[dh],[gh] voiced fricatives [v],[ð], [ɣ
• There are regular correspondences between Germanic and non-Germanic consonants within the IE family.
• For example we regularly find[f] in Germanic where other IE languages have[p], and where in Germanic we find[p] , in non-Germanic languages we have [b].
• The alterations of the consonants took place in Proto- Germanic, and then these sounds were inherited by the languages of the Germanic group.
Grimm’s Law The changes of consonants in Proto-Germanic were first formulated in terms of a phonetic law by Jacob Grimm in the early 19th century.
These changes are often called the Grimm’sLaw .
It is also known as the Firstor Proto- Germanic consonant shift.
Grimm’s Law
• Act I : voiceless plosives developed into voiceless fricatives
• Act II : voiced plosives were shifted to voiceless plosives
• Act III : voiced aspirated plosives were reflected either as voiced fricatives or pure voiced plosives.
The First Proto-Germanic Consonant Shift consists of three acts: Grimm’s Law Proto Indo- European Proto- Germanic Non-Germanic Old-Germanic Modern Germanicbp L: labare R: слабый Gt: slepan OE: slǽpan ME: sleep MG: schlafendt L: edere R: еда Gt: itan OE: etan Sw: äta ME: eatgk L: agerGt: akrs O Icel: akr OE: æcer Sw: aker ME: acre Act I voiced plosives [b], [d], [g] voiceless plosives [p], t], [k] Act II Proto Indo- European Proto- Germanic Non-Germanic Old-Germanic Modern GermanicpfLpes,p edisGt:f ōtus O Icel:f ótrOE:fōtSw:fotMEfootMGFußtθLtresRт ри Gt: þreis O Icel: þrír OE: þreōSw:treMG:dreiME:threekx L cor,cordis Fr coeur R сердце Gt: haírto O Icel: hjarta OE: heort MG: Herz ME: heart voiceless plosives [p],[t],[k] voiceless fricatives [f],[θ],[x] Act III Proto Indo- European Proto- Germanic Non-Germanic Old-Germanic Modern Germanicbhv (or b) L: ferre R: беру Gt: baíran OE: beran MG: gebären ME: beardhð (or d) L: mediusGt: midjis [ð] OE: middel MG: Mittel ME: middlegɣ (or g) L: hostis R: гость Gt: gasts O Icel: gestr OE: giest Sw: gäst MG: Gast ME: guest voiced aspirated plosives [bh],[dh],[gh] voiced fricatives [v],[ð], [ɣ