Through - translation

1. Through- translation

Tahmina Shakirova
Regina Abdyldaeva

2. Through-translation

in linguistics, through-translation or a calque /ˈkælk/ or loan translation is
a word or phrase borrowed from another language by literal, word-forword or root-for-root translation. the verb calquer means "to trace; to copy,
to imitate closely
For example, when you take a phrase in French and then literally translate
root-for-root or word-for-word into English, that’s through-translation.

3. Through-translation

It is difficult sometimes to prove that a particular word is a calque.
This often requires a lot of documentation compared to an untranslated term
because, in some cases, a similar phrase might have arisen in both languages
independently. This is less likely to happen when the grammar of the proposed
calque is quite different from that of the borrowing language or when the
calque contains less obvious imagery

4. Through-translation

You often see them in specialized or internationalized fields such as
quality assurance (aseguramiento de calidad, assurance qualité taken
from English). Examples that have been absorbed into English include
standpoint and beer garden from German Standpunkt and Biergarten;
breakfast from French déjeuner (which now means lunch in Europe, but
maintains the same meaning of breakfast in Québec).

5. Through-translation

Some calques can become widely accepted in the target language (such
as standpoint, beer garden and breakfast and Spanish peso mosca and
Casa Blanca from English flyweight and White House). The meaning
other calques can be rather obscure for most people, especially when
they relate to specific vocations or subjects such as science and law

6.

One system classifies calques into five groups
•the phraseological calque, with idiomatic phrases being translated
word-for-word.
•the syntactical calque, with syntactical functions or constructions of
the source language being imitated in the target language.
•the loan-translation, with words being translated morpheme-bymorpheme or component-by-component into another language.
•the semantic calque, with additional meanings of the source word
being transferred to the word with the same primary meaning in the
target language. That is also called a "semantic loan".
•the morphological calque, with the inflection of a word being
transferred.

7. Trough- translatiom

Examples:
1.the phraseological calque, with idiomatic phrases being translated word-for-word.
phraseological calque: "flea market“
the common English phrase "flea market" is a phraseological calque of the
French "marché aux puces" ("market with fleas").[6] Other national variations include:
Turkish: bit pazarı
Russian: блошиный рынок
Danish: loppemarked
Spanish: mercado de pulgas
Danish loppemarked
Dutch: vlooienmarkt
Finnish: kirpputori
German: Flohmarkt

8. Through-translatiom

Semantic calque: mouse
The computer mouse was named in English for its resemblance to the
animal. Many other languages have extended their own native word for
"mouse" to include the computer mouse.
Portuguese: rato
Russian: мышь (mysh')
Spanish: ratón
Swahili: kipanya
Swedish: mus
Turkish: fare
Vietnamese: chuột

9. Through-translation

Loan translation: "skyscraper"
An example of a common morpheme-by-morpheme loan-translation in a multitude of languages is that of
the English word skyscraper:
Turkish: gökdelen ("sky-piercer")
Hindi: गगनचुंबी' (gagan-chumbi, "sky-kisser")
Afrikaans: wolkekrabber ("clouds-scraper")
Ukrainian: хмарочос (hmaročos, "cloud-scratcher")
The Germanic languages and some Slavic languages calqued
their words for "translation" from the above Latin word, translatio,
substituting their respective Germanic or Slavic root words for the
Latin roots.