The diseases of the liver and bile ducts HBV

1.

THE DISEASES OF THE
LIVER AND BILE
DUCTS
Infections

2.

THE DISEASES OF THE LIVER AND BILE
DUCTS

3.

THE DISEASES OF THE LIVER AND BILE
DUCTS

4.

THE DISEASES OF THE LIVER AND BILE
DUCTS

5.

THE DISEASES OF THE LIVER AND BILE
DUCTS

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THE DISEASES OF THE LIVER AND BILE
DUCTS

7.

THE DISEASES OF THE LIVER AND BILE
DUCTS
Hepatitis B Virus (HBV)
Where is the liver located in the body? Is the liver the gland of the digestive system?
Let’s list some functions of the liver which you can remember in English and translate them into Russian:
detoxification,
bile production,
glycogen storage,
synthesis of plasma proteins

8.

THE DISEASES OF THE LIVER AND BILE DUCTS
Match the medical term with its definition:
1.
Bile duct
2.
Jaundice
3.
Cirrhosis
4.
Hepatocyte
5.
Cholestasis
A.Yellowing of the skin and eyes due to high bilirubin.
B. The main functional cell of the liver.
C. A condition when bile cannot flow from the liver to the duodenum.
D. Scarring of the liver tissue resulting from chronic liver disease.
E. A tube that carries bile from the liver and gallbladder to the small intestine.

9.

THE DISEASES OF THE LIVER AND BILE
DUCTS
1.Acute
A. A protein produced by the immune system to
neutralize pathogens.
2. Chronic
B. The ability of a virus to cause disease.
3. Contagious
C. Lasting for a long time or recurring (opposite of
acute).
4. Virulence
D. Capable of being transmitted from one person to
another.
5. Antibody
E. A small piece of genetic material (DNA or RNA)
inside a virus.
6. Genome
F. Having a rapid onset and a short course.
7. Seroconversion
G. The process of developing detectable antibodies in the
blood.

10.

THE DISEASES OF THE LIVER AND BILE
DUCTS
Hepatitis B: The Silent Epidemic
Hepatitis B is a potentially life-threatening liver infection caused by the Hepatitis B virus (HBV). It is a member of
the Hepadnaviridae family and represents a major global health problem. The virus targets hepatocytes, where it
replicates.
The clinical course of HBV infection is biphasic. In the acute phase, which lasts up to six months, many patients are
asymptomatic. When symptoms do occur, they are non-specific and include fatigue, nausea, abdominal pain, and
jaundice. In adults, the immune system successfully clears the virus in 90–95% of cases, leading to seroconversion
and lifelong immunity.
However, in 5–10% of adult cases, and up to 90% of cases involving perinatal transmission (from mother to infant
at birth), the infection becomes chronic. Chronic Hepatitis B is defined by the persistence of HBsAg (Hepatitis B
surface antigen) for more than six months. The virulence of the virus and the host's immune response determine the
outcome. Persistent inflammation leads to fibrosis, which may progress to cirrhosis, liver failure, or hepatocellular
carcinoma (primary liver cancer).

11.

THE DISEASES OF THE LIVER AND BILE
DUCTS
HBV is highly contagious and is transmitted through contact with infected blood or other
body fluids. Major routes of transmission include unprotected sexual contact, sharing
contaminated needles, unsafe medical injections, and vertical transmission. Unlike
Hepatitis A, it is not spread through contaminated food or water.
Diagnosis relies on serological markers. The presence of HBsAg indicates infection, while
the "core" antibody (anti-HBc) indicates a current or past infection, and the "surface"
antibody (anti-HBs) indicates recovery and immunity.
Prevention is the most effective strategy. A safe and effective recombinant vaccine has
been available since the 1980s and is included in national immunization schedules
worldwide. For chronic patients, antiviral therapy (such as Tenofovir or Entecavir) aims
to suppress viral replication, reduce liver inflammation, and prevent the progression to
end-stage liver disease.

12.

THE DISEASES OF THE LIVER AND BILE
DUCTS
Patient’s chief complains:
Hello, doctor. I have been feeling unwell for about two weeks.
At first, I just thought I had the flu. I have a constant fatigue and malaise. I feel lethargic all the time, even after
a full night's sleep. I have no appetite at all, and sometimes I feel nauseous, especially in the morning. Three
days ago, I noticed that my urine has become very dark, almost brown, but my stool is unusually pale.
Yesterday, my husband told me that my eyes look slightly yellow. Also, I have a dull ache in my right upper
quadrant. It feels like a heaviness there. I haven't had any fever, but my joints ache."

13.

THE DISEASES OF THE LIVER AND BILE
DUCTS
Symptom in Russian
Symptom in English
Notes
Усталость
Fatigue / Malaise
Constant
Снижение аппетита
Loss of appetite
Complete
Тошнота
Nausea
In the morning
Потемнение мочи
Dark urine
Brown color
Обесцвеченный стул
Pale stool
Clay-colored
Боль в суставах
Joint pain / Aching joints
Боль в правом подреберье
Pain in the right upper quadrant
Желтуха (пожелтение глаз)
Yellowing of the eyes (Jaundice)
Dull ache

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THE DISEASES OF THE LIVER AND BILE
DUCTS
The main difference between Hepatitis A and Hepatitis B lies in their mode of transmission and their potential to
become a chronic (long-term) disease.
1. Mode of Transmission
Hepatitis A (HAV) is transmitted via the fecal-oral route. This means a person gets infected by ingesting food or
water contaminated with the stool of an infected person. It is often associated with poor sanitation, unwashed
hands, or contaminated produce. It is essentially a food-and-water-borne infection.
Hepatitis B (HBV) is a blood-borne pathogen. It is transmitted through contact with infected blood or other body
fluids (semen, vaginal fluids). Common routes include unprotected sex, sharing needles, unsterile medical or tattoo
equipment, and from an infected mother to her baby during childbirth.

15.

THE DISEASES OF THE LIVER AND
BILE
DUCTS
Chronicity
(The most important clinical difference)
Hepatitis A is always an acute (short-term) illness. The body's immune system
completely clears the virus within a few weeks or months. It never turns into a chronic
infection, and once you recover, you are immune for life. It does not cause long-term
liver damage.2 источника
• Hepatitis B can become chronic. While most healthy adults (90–95%) clear the virus
and recover fully, a significant percentage — especially infants and young children —
cannot get rid of it. If the virus stays in the blood for more than six months, it is
considered chronic. Chronic Hepatitis B can lead to serious lifelong complications, such
as cirrhosis (scarring of the liver), liver failure, and liver cancer (hepatocellular
carcinoma).2 источника
3. Prevention and Vaccination Both viruses have effective vaccines, but the public health
strategy differs:
• Hepatitis A vaccine is primarily recommended for travelers to countries with high
infection rates and for people with existing liver disease.
• Hepatitis B vaccine is considered one of the world's most successful public health
measures. It is part of the standard immunization schedule for all newborns in many
countries (including Russia) because preventing infection at birth is the only way to stop
the cycle of chronic disease.

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HOME TASK
Learn the words from the 13th slide by heart.