Lecture 1 тсп

1. Lecture 1 Construction Production Technology I

Prepared by: S. Niyetbay

2. Vertical Planning of Territories

Vertical planning is a set of engineering measures aimed at artificially
modifying and improving the existing terrain for urban development
purposes.
It is one of the essential measures of engineering preparation and site
improvement.
Vertical planning includes:
excavation, filling, and movement of soil masses;
analysis and modification of the existing terrain;
organization of surface water runoff;
preparation of suitable conditions for construction

3. Assessment of Existing Terrain

Before vertical planning, the existing terrain is analyzed to determine:
location of watersheds and thalwegs;
main directions of surface water runoff;
areas with different slopes;
areas requiring special engineering preparation.
According to terrain suitability for construction, sites are classified as:
Favorable: slopes of 0.005–0.100;
Unfavorable: slopes of 0.100–0.200 or less than 0.005;
Particularly unfavorable: slopes greater than 0.200.
Existing terrain should be used as rationally as possible to reduce the
volume and cost of earthworks.

4. Main Engineering Objectives of Vertical Planning

The principal engineering
objectives are:
organization of runoff of
rainwater, stormwater, and
snowmelt water from urban
areas;
provision of permissible
slopes for streets, squares,
and intersections to ensure
safe and convenient
movement of vehicles and
pedestrians;
creation of favorable
conditions for the location of
buildings and installation of
underground utility networks;
modification of terrain
affected by unfavorable
physical and geological
processes, including flooding,
groundwater inundation, and
ravine formation;
design of large flat structures
such as sports centers and
airfields.

5. Architectural and Planning Objectives

Vertical planning also
addresses architectural
and planning objectives:
creating terrain with
greater architectural
expressiveness;
forming the spatial
composition of residential
districts, parks, and
recreational areas by
redistributing soil within the
designed territory;
creating artificial terrain
where necessary.
Vertical planning is carried
out at all stages of planning
and development.
Typical drawing scales are:
planning schemes:
1:10,000–1:2,000;
working drawings: 1:1,000–
1:500;
contour intervals: 1.0 m or
2.5 m.

6. Terrain Analysis and Classification

Vertical planning
begins with terrain
analysis.
Terrain affects:
planning;
development;
landscaping of cities;
construction
economics.
Flat terrain: 0.4–3%;
Moderate terrain: 3–
6% for slightly
dissected terrain and
6–10% for dissected
terrain;
According to slope
steepness, terrain is
classified as:
Complex terrain: 10–
20%;
Mountainous terrain:
more than 20%.

7.

Representation of Terrain
by Contour Lines
Terrain forms are represented on plans by contour lines.
A contour line is an imaginary line on the Earth's surface
connecting points of equal absolute elevation above sea
level.
When a terrain form is intersected by horizontal planes, the
intersection of each plane with the terrain surface produces
a contour line of constant elevation.
Figure 1. Representation of Terrain Forms by Contour
Lines
Figure 2. Principle of Contour Line Formation

8.

Representation of Terrain by Contour Lines
Figure 1. Representation of Terrain Forms by Contour Lines
Figure 2. Principle of Contour Line Formation

9. Contour Interval and Terrain Plan

The contour interval
is the difference in
elevation between
adjacent contour lines.
A terrain plan represents
different landforms using
contour lines. Elevations
are shown with a
specified vertical interval.
The direction of slope
can be determined
from the spacing of
contour lines:
closely spaced
contours → steeper
slope;
widely spaced
contours → gentler
slope.
Terrain plans may
show:
peaks;
saddles;
ridges;
ravines;
valleys;
depressions;
watersheds and
thalwegs.

10. Contour Interval and Terrain Plan

11. Determination of Terrain Slope

• The terrain slope is the ratio of the difference in elevation between two points to the horizontal
distance between them:
•