лекция 2 new

1. Lecture 2

Theme: “Morphology. Basic
notions”.

2. Theme: “Morphology. Basic notions”.

1. Morphemic structure of the word
2. Types of morphemes. Classification
of morphemes
3. Allomorphs

3. Literature:

• 1.
Блох, М.Я. Теоретическая грамматика
английского языка / М.Я. Блох. - М.: Высшая
школа, 2003. – С. 7-19.
• 2.
Ильиш, Б.А. Строй современного
английского языка: учебник / Б.А. Ильиш. –
Ленинград: Просвещение, 1971. – C. 5-18.
• 3.
Мороховская, Э.Я. Практикум по
теоретической грамматике / Э.Я. Мороховская.
- Ленинград: Просвещение, 1973. – С. 7-31.

4. 1. Morphemic structure of a word:

s
l
t
r
a
u
n
cture
r
e
t
x
E
WORD
Internal structure
form
meaning

5. Answer the questions:

• What is the minimal unit of
phonetics?
• Is it a meaningful part?
• What is a minimal unit of grammar?
• Is it a meaningful part?

6. The branches of grammar

GRAMMAR
MORPHOLOGY
SYNTAX
Lexicology
Pragmatics

7. Phoneme Morpheme Lexeme Phrase Sentence Text

Phoneme MEANINGLESS
Morpheme
Lexeme
Phrase
MEANINGFUL
MEANINGFUL
MEANINGFUL
Sentence MEANINGFUL
Text
MEANINGFUL

8. The definition of a morpheme

• the morpheme is the elementary
meaningful lingual unit built up from
phonemes and used to make words.
• What is the function of the
morpheme?

9. Function of a morpheme

• Significative function
• It doesn’t have its concrete meaning,
it indicates a word.
• Ex: plurality of Nouns (dog-dogs),
identification of a part of speech
(worker – suffix –er is a nounforming suffix).

10. 2. Types of morphemes. Classification of morphemes

11. Two criteria of morpheme classifications:

• Positional
criterion
• the location of
the
morphemes
with regard to
each other
• Functional
criterion
• the contribution
of the
morphemes to
the general
meaning of the
word.

12.

ROOT
(rootmorpheme)
PREFIX
AFFIX
(affixal
morpheme)
SUFFIX

13. Root-morpheme

• What does it express?
• It expresses the concrete, “material”
part of the meaning of the word and
constitute its central part.
• Ex: worker

14. Affixal morpheme

• What does this morpheme express?
• This morpheme expresses the
specificational part of the meaning of
the word: it specifies, or transforms
the meaning of the root.
• Affixal specification may be of two
kinds: of lexical or grammatical
character.

15.

1. Positional criterion:
Morpheme
Affixes
Roots
Prefixes
Suffixes
Inflections
(gram.suffix)

16. Prefixes

• Situated before the root
• The main function of prefixes in
English is to change the lexical
meaning of the same part of speech.
But the recent research showed that
about twenty-five prefixes in Modern
English form one part of speech from
another.
Please, give some examples of words with
prefixes that change parts of speech,
prefixes that do not change parts of speech

17. Prefixes

• Changing the
part of speech
• Not changing
the part of
speech
• Collage (N.) –
postcollage
(Adj.) days
• Satisfy (V.) –
dissatisfy (V.)

18. Check yourself. T/F

1. Prefix dis- doesn’t change the part
of speech.
2. Prefix inter- changes the part of
speech.
3. Prefix il- changes the part of
speech.
4. Prefix under- doesn’t change the
part of speech.

19. Check yourself. T/F

1. Prefix dis- doesn’t change the part
of speech.
2. Prefix inter- changes the part of
speech.
3. Prefix il- changes the part of
speech.
4. Prefix under- doesn’t change the
part of speech.
T
T
F
Т

20. Classifications of prefixes:

1. Semantic classification :
a) prefixes of negative meaning, such as
1) dis- (disconnect);
2) un- (unhappy);
3) il- (illogical);
4) im- (immoral)
5) non- (non-official), etc.
Add 2-3 of your own examples
What other negative prefixes can you
give?

21. Semantic classification (continuation)

• b) prefixes denoting repetition or
reversal actions, such as:
1) re- (reread).

22. Semantic classification (continuation)

• c) prefixes denoting time, space,
degree relations, such as :
1) inter- (interplanetary); - space
2) hyper- (hypertension); - degree
3) ex- (ex-student); - time
4) pre- (pre-election); - time
5) over- (overdo) etc. - degree

23. Check yourself! Analyze the type of the prefix:

• Ex: underdone – under- is prefix
denoting degree of doing (cclassification).
• Postreading
• While-watching
• Deforestation
• Immortal

24.

2. Origin of prefixes:
• a) native (Germanic), such as:
• un-, over-, under- etc.
• b) Romanic, such as :
• in-, de-, ex-, re- etc.
• c) Greek, such as :
• sym-, hyper- etc.

25. 2. Criterion of function/ semantic

Morpheme
Roots
Affixes
Word-building
affixes
lexical
Wordchanging
affixes
grammatical

26. Suffix

Is an affix that is placed after
the root to form a new word
(lexical suffix) or change the form
of the word (inflection –
grammatical suffix)

27. Lexical affixes (word-building affixes)

Lexical affixes (wordbuilding affixes)
• They form a new word (part of
speech) or add additional lexical
information to the words.
• Ex: to decide - decision - decisive decisively

28. Classifications of suffixes

29. Classifications of suffixes

1. Part-of-speech classification. Suffixes which
can form different parts of speech:
• a) noun-forming suffixes, such as :
• -er (criticizer), -dom (kingdom), -ism
(socialism), ADD 1-2 of your own
• b) adjective-forming suffixes, such as :
• -able (comfortable), less (useless), -ous
(dangerous), ADD 1-2 of your own

30.

• c) verb-forming suffixes, such as -ize
(computerize) , -ify (identify),
• d) adverb-forming suffixes , such as: -ly (friendly), -ward (westward),
• e) numeral-forming suffixes, such as-teen (sixteen), -ty (seventy).

31.

2. Semantic classification .
Suffixes changing the lexical meaning of
the stem can be subdivided into groups,
suffixes can denote:
• a) the agent of the action, e.g. -er
(teacher), -ist (taxist), -ent (student),
• b) nationality, e.g. -ian (Russian), -ese
(Japanese), -ish (English),

32. Semantic classification of suffixes

• c) collectivity, e.g. -dom (kingdom), ry (peasantry), -ship (friendship),
• d) diminutiveness, e.g. -ie (horsie), let (booklet), -ette (kitchenette),
• e) quality, e.g. -ness (kindness), -ity
(answerability).

33. Lexico-grammatical affixes:

• Suffixes which can be added to certain
groups of stems are subdivided into:
• a) suffixes added to verbal stems, such as :
-er (commuter), -ing (suffering), - able
(flyable), -ment (involvement), -ation
(computerization),
• b) suffixes added to noun stems, such as : less (smogless), ful (roomful), -ism
(adventurism), -ish (childish),
• c) suffixes added to adjective stems, such
as : -en (weaken), -ly (quickly), -ish
(longish), -ness (kindness).

34. Other types of morphemes:

• Infix:
• What is it?

35. Other types of morphemes:

• Infix:
• regular vowel interchange which
takes place inside the root and
transforms its meaning “from within”
can be treated as an infix, e.g.: a
lexical infix – blood – to bleed; a
grammatical infix – tooth – teeth.

36. 3. Allomorphs

• concrete manifestations of
morphemes, or variants in specific
textual environments; variants of
morphemes are called
• “allo-morphs”.

37. Allo-emic theory

• Derived from phonetics (ex: one
phoneme is pronounced in a different
way in different environments, cf.:
you [ju:] - you know [ju]; in Russian,
vowels are also pronounced in a
different way in stressed and
unstressed syllables, cf.: дом домой. )

38.

• In grammar!!!
• Ex: the morpheme of the plural, -(e)s,
sounds differently after
1. voiceless consonants (bats) [s],
2. voiced consonants and vowels (rooms) [z],
3. and after fricative consonants (clashes)
[iz].
• So, [s], [z], [iz], which are united by the
same meaning (the grammatical meaning of
the plural), are allo-morphs of the same
morpheme, which is represented as -(e)s in
written speech.

39. Distributional analysis:

• contrastive distribution,
• non-contrastive distribution
• complementary distribution.

40. Contrastive distribution (1 opposition):

Started
Starts
Non-contrastive distribution
(gradual opposition):
hard - harder - the hardest
Complementary distribution
Allo-emic theory-
Started [id]-stopped [t]

41. Descriptive linguistics

Free
Bound
Overt
Covert
свободные
связанные
открытые
скрытые
Can form
words by
themselves
Can’t form
words by
themselves
Have an
explicit
shape
Don’t have
such a
shape
hand
-ful
clocks
clock

42. Questions for self-control:

Questions for selfcontrol:
What is a morpheme?
How does a morpheme differ
from the word?
Present types of morphemes.
What are allomorphs? Give
examples.
What is the bond between lexical
and grammatical morphemes?

43. Practical assignment:

Analyse the following words using
two types of analysis:
1) Morphemic structure analysis-linear
2) Distributional analysis (type of a
morpheme)
3) Descriptive analysis

44. Example: word ‘irregularities ’

1) Morphemic structure analysis-linear
Ir-regular-ity(i)-ies:
Ir- negative prefix,Germanic
Regular – root
Ity(i) – Noun forming suffix, lexical suffix
(word-building suffix)
Ies – grammatical inflection of plurality.

45.

2) Distributional analysis (type of a
morpheme)
Non-contrastive distribution:
irregularities – cats – oxen, etc.

46.

3) Descriptive analysis
Ir-regular-ity(i)-ies:
Regular – Free, the rest – Bound
Overt

47. Words to be analyzed:

• unexpectedly
• reproductiveness
• babysitter’s

48. Thank you!!!