Introduction to Aviation Industry

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Introduction to Aviation
Industry
Toms Kaidalovs
Teaching Assistant
06.11.2024
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2. Aviation Standards

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3. World War II development

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4. The Chicago Convention 1944

Need for International Standards
Post-War Planning for Global Cooperation
Regulatory Body for International Aviation
Facilitating Safe, Orderly, and Efficient Air Travel
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5. Main Outcome of Chicago Convention

96 Articles
Article 1 – Sovereignty
Article 3 - Civil and State Aircraft
Article 37 - Adoption of International Standards (SARPs)
Article 43 - International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO)
Article 82 - Abrogation of Inconsistent Agreements
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6. ICAO Organisation

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7. SARP, Article 37 and ICAO

SARP - Standards and Recommended Practices
– Aircraft Identification (Annex 7)
Standard: Every aircraft must display a unique registration mark and
nationality code
Explanation: An aircraft registered in state “Latvia” displays a
registration mark beginning with the nationality code YL, like YL-ABC
ICAO ≠ LAW
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8. Annex and SARPs

Annex
– A set of international standards and recommended practices (SARPs)
– A guidelines for member states to follow, helping ensure uniform safety,
efficiency, and consistency in aviation operations
– 19 Annexes in total covering everything in aviation
ANNEX = SARPs
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9. Annex 1 - Personnel Licensing

Licensing aviation personnel
– Pilots
– Cabin Crew
– Air Traffic Controllers (ATC)
– Maintenance Technicians
– Airport Operations Staff
– Flight Dispatchers
Requirements to aviation personnel
– Health and fitness
– Knowledge of theory
– Skill
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10. Annex 2 - Rules of the Air

International standards and guidelines for aircraft operations over the
international and member state’s airspace and ground
– Right-of-Way Rules
– Flight Rules
– Responsibility of the Pilot
– Avoidance of Collisions
– Signals and Signs
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11. Annex 3 - Meteorological Service for International Air Navigation

Standards and guidelines for meteorological services that support the safety,
regularity, and efficiency of international air navigation
– Weather Observations and Forecasts
– Aerodrome Meteorological Reports (METAR)
METAR EVRA 121200Z 26010KT 9999 SCT020 18/12 Q1015
– Hazardous Weather Warnings
– Global Meteorological Information System
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12. Annex 4 - Aeronautical Charts

Standards and recommended practices for the creation and use of
aeronautical charts
– Types of Charts
en-route charts
aerodrome charts
approach charts
– Chart Content
– Standardization of Symbols and Layouts
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13. Annex 5 - Units of Measurement to be Used in Air and Ground Operations

Standard units of measurement that must be used in aviation to ensure
consistency and prevent misunderstandings in international operations
– Standard Units
feet for altitude
nautical miles for distance
knots for speed
degrees Celsius for temperature
Meters for visibility
– Consistency in Communication
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14. Annex 6 - Operation of Aircraft

Standards and recommended practices for the safe and efficient operation of
aircraft in international airspace and ground
– Operational Procedures
– Maintenance and Safety Checks
– Crew Requirements
– Emergency Equipment
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15. Annex 7 - Aircraft Nationality and Registration Marks

Standards for the registration and identification of aircraft, ensuring that each
aircraft is uniquely identifiable and traceable to a particular country
– Nationality and Registration Marks
– Location and Size of Marks
– Rules for Displaying Marks
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16. Annex 8 - Airworthiness of Aircraft

Standards and recommended practices for ensuring that aircraft are safe for
flight through design, manufacturing, and ongoing maintenance
– Airworthiness Certification
– Design and Construction Standards
– Maintenance Requirements
– Modification and Repairs
– Operator Responsibilities
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17. Annex 9 - Facilitation

Standards and recommended practices for simplifying and streamlining
border-crossing processes for international aviation, ensuring the smooth
movement of passengers, baggage, cargo, and mail across international
borders
– Immigration and Customs Procedures
– Border Control and Security
– Passenger Data Exchange
– Health and Quarantine Standards
– Assistance for Persons with Disabilities
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18. Annex 10 - Aeronautical Telecommunications

Standards and recommended practices for communication and navigation
systems essential for safe and efficient air traffic management
– Radio Navigation Aids
– Communication Procedures
– Communication Systems
– Surveillance and Collision Avoidance Systems
– Aeronautical Radio Frequency Spectrum Utilization
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19. Annex 11 - Air Traffic Services

Standards and recommended practices for air traffic management to ensure
the safe, orderly, and efficient movement of aircraft in the airspace and on the
ground
– Air Traffic Control (ATC)
– Flight Information Service (FIS)
– Alerting Service
– Airspace Classification
From A to G. A class is most strict one
– Coordination Procedures
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20. Annex 12 - Search and Rescue (SAR)

Standards and recommended practices for search and rescue operations to
assist aircraft in distress and locate missing aircraft
– Organization and Responsibilities
– Coordination
– Operations
– Cooperation with Neighbouring States
– Training and Preparedness
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21. Annex 13 - Aircraft Accident and Incident Investigation

Standards and recommended practices for the investigation of aircraft
accidents and serious incidents
– Responsibility for Investigation
– Participation Rights
– Investigation Procedures
– Reporting Requirements
– Safety Recommendations
– www.taiib.gov.lv
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22. Annex 14 - Aerodromes

Standards and recommended practices for the design, construction, and
operation of airports to ensure safety, efficiency, and accessibility
– Runway Design
– Taxiways and Aprons
– Lighting and Marking
– Obstacle Limitation Surfaces
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23. Annex 15 - Aeronautical Information Services (AIS)

Standards and recommended practices for the collection, publication, and
management of aeronautical information essential for the safe, efficient, and
orderly operation of international air navigation
– Aeronautical Information Publication (AIP)
– NOTAM (Notice to Airmen)
– Aeronautical Charts and Data
– www.ais.lgs.lv/aiseaip
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24. Annex 16 - Environmental Protection

Standards and recommended practices aimed at reducing the environmental
impact of aviation
– Aircraft Noise
– Aircraft Engine Emissions
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25. Annex 17 - Security

Standards and recommended practices to protect civil aviation from security
threats, such as terrorism, sabotage, and other unlawful acts
– Security Programs and Responsibilities
– Screening and Access Control
– In-Flight Security
– Response to Threats
– International Cooperation
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26. Annex 18 - The Safe Transport of Dangerous Goods by Air

Standards and recommended practices for safely transporting only civilian
hazardous materials by air, including chemicals, explosives, flammable
liquids, and radioactive substances
– Classification of Dangerous Good
– Packaging and Labelling Requirements
– Operator Responsibilities
– Notification and Documentation
– Emergency Response Procedures
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27. Annex 19 - Safety Management

Standards and recommended practices for implementing Safety
Management Systems (SMS) in aviation, focusing on proactively managing
safety risks across all aviation sectors
– State Safety Program (SSP)
– Safety Management Systems (SMS)
– Safety Data Collection and Analysis
– Safety Performance Monitoring
– Risk-Based Approach
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28. Event Flowchart

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29. END

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