IT Universsity Lecture 1 Subject, purpose and function of philosophy

1.

1 Lecture.
Subject, Fundamental
question, Methods and
Functions of Philosophy

2.

Lecture questions
• 1 Main goals and objectives of the
Philosophy course
• 2 Forms of Worldview: Mythology, Religion,
Philosophy
• 3 The fundamental question of Philosophy

3.

The purpose of the lecture:
• To introduce the main goals and objectives of
the Philosophy course.
• To explain the philosophy as «Love of
Wisdom»
• Do short analysis Worldview as a generalized
system of views and its Historical forms:
Mythology, Religion, Philosophy
• To find a proper definition for The
fundamental question of Philosophy

4.

Course description
• This course is an introduction to the basic
theories and concepts in Philosophy including
knowledge of
• History of Philosophy and the Theory of
Philosophy,
• Basic philosophical doctrines, terms and
categories, and
• Philosophy of Science.

5.

Philosophy course goal(s)
• The main goal of the course is the formation
of a Philosophical worldview and critical,
creative thinking in the context of future
professional activity of students.
• The purpose of the discipline is the formation
of a systematic understanding of philosophy
as a special form of a holistic worldview, the
study of the main categories of philosophy,
problems and methods.

6.

Philosophy Course objectives
• 1) Formation of philosophical Reflection,
• 2) Development of research abilities
• 3) Formation of intellectual and creative
potential
• 4) Increase basic philosophical analysis skills
• 5) Develop argumentative skills on conflicting
topics;
• 6) Formation of critical thinking and literacy
skills.

7.

1. «Love of Wisdom»
• The term "Philosophy" comes
from the Greek words "Phileo"
- Love and "Sophia" - Wisdom
and means "Love of wisdom.“
(7th century. BC. – Pythagoras)
• Wisdom (Sagacity, Intelligence,
Judgment, Reasoning, Insight,
Comprehension
• Wisdom - the ability to acquire
and apply knowledge and skills
in right way
«The highest
form of
wisdom is
kindness»
Talmud

8.

«Philosophy begins with wonder»
ARISTOTLE
Education and Ethics: “Educating the mind
without educating the heart is no education at
all.” ― Aristotle.
«Two things always
fill the soul with new
and ever stronger
wonder - this is the
Starry Sky above Me
and the Moral Law in
Me» I. Kant (1724- 1804)
I .Kant (1724- 1804)
Aristotle 384-322 BC

9.

"Philosophy is the Mother of all sciences"
1.
2.
3.
4.
Metaphysics (“First
philosophy") indicates the
study of what lies beyond the
physical phenomena, at the
basis of them.
Natural philosophy – philosophy
that studies nature (Physics,
chemistry, astronomy,
biology).
Mathematics as the queen of
all sciences
Social Philosophy – Political
and Social sciences
Cicero Marcus Tullius - Roman
statesman, lawyer, philosopher ( 3
January 106 BC – 7 December
43 BC)

10.

Types of modern philosophy
• Philosophy of Physics
• Philosophy of Natural science
• Philosophy of Politics - Political Science
• Philosophy of society – Sociology
• Philosophy of morality – Ethics
• Philosophy of Beauty – Aesthetics
• Philosophy of Religion – Theology
• Philosophy of Technology
• Philosophy of History
• Philosophy of Computer science
• Philosophy of Cybernetics

11.

The subject of Philosophy
• The subject of Philosophy is
the doctrine of the laws of
development of nature,
society, and man
• Philosophy an abstract system
of worldview, which is based
on the need people for a
holistic view of the world, its
most common characteristic,
and the essence of human
being

12.

The doctrines of philosophy
• Ontology is the study of Being
• Gnoseology is the study of
knowledge,
• Anthropology is the science
of man,
• Logic is the science of laws
and forms of thinking,
• Ethics is the science of
morality
• Aesthetics is the science of
beauty
• History of Philosophy is a
science that examines its
historical forms of philosophy

13.

2. Philosophy and Worldview
• Worldview is a generalized system
of views on the world and on the
human place in it.
• Historical forms of worldview:
• Mythology (Childhood of
mankind)
• Religion (polytheism,
monotheism)
• Philosophy is the basis of
theoretical, scientific knowledge.
Intelligence

14.

Mythology (Childhood of mankind - figurative
representation of the world)
Mythology is the first type of
worldview that explain people's
ideas about the world through
myths, legends, traditions
The Epic of Gilgamesh is one of
the most well known
Mesopotamian myths, and is
often regarded as the oldest
known piece of literature in the
world.
Mythology (Greek ) consists of 2 words - Myth “story" and Logos - λόγος - “Teaching"
For example, the great ancient Greek, Roman, Scandinavian, Kazakh, Slavic
mythologies

15.

Mythological worldview
• Mythological worldview:
• Animism (the belief that non-human entities
have souls).
• Totemism
• Fetishism

16.

Religion is a type of worldview based
on Faith
• Religio (lat. religare - "bind,
connect") - is a certain system
of views, due to belief in the
spiritual supernatural, including
a set of moral norms and types
of behavior
I
• Polytheism - belief in many
gods
VI и IV BC
I BC
• Monotheism - belief in one
God
VII

17.

Philosophy
• Philosophy is the
basis of theoretical,
scientific
knowledge.
Intelligence

18.

3. The Fundamental Question of
Philosophy
• The main question of
philosophy is the
question
of the relationship between
Matter and the Spirit
• Matter (from lat. māteria "substance“
Objective reality given us in our
sensations (atoms, molecules,
microparticles)
The spirit is called the
nonmaterial part of a person,
which includes consciousness,
feelings, ideas, character, soul

19.

2 Sides of the Main Question: Ontology and
Gnoseology
• 1) What comes first: Matter
or Spirit? (Ontology is the
doctrine of Being)
• Ontos (Being) Life
• Being - in the broadest
sense - existence and reflects
the entire existing world
• Opposite concept - NONBEING ( Death)
«The great Mysteries of our existence are yet to be
unraveled even Death may not be the end» Nicolo Tesla

20.

2) Do we know the world?
)
1) Do we know the world?
2) Сan we know the world ?
3) Can we know the world to the
end and answer all questions?
4)can we answer the question
about what was at the beginning
of the world? about the primacy
of things?
Gnoseology the doctrine of
knowledge

21.

Materialism and Idealism
Materialism is a philosophical
worldview based on the
idea of the primacy of
Matter.
• The world is known by
science
Idealism is a philosophical
worldview based on the
idea of the primacy of Spirit
, an idea. The world cannot
be known to the end,
because the world is
infinite, man is a finite
being (agnosticism)

22.

Philosophy concepts
• Monism is a philosophical worldview,
according to which the source of the
world is one single substance, either
Matter or Spirit.
• Dualism is a philosophical worldview
based on the concept of two principles
of the world and two substances.
• Objective idealism consists of the
belief that the idea is independent of
the human mind.
• Subjective idealism claims that the
idea is inherent in human
consciousness.

23.

4. Philosophical Methods
• A Method is a system of principles
of practical and theoretical activity.
Methodology - the doctrine of the
methods of cognition and their
totality.
• Philosophical methods are
universal and inherent in any
theoretical knowledge of all
sciences: exact and humanitarian,
natural, technical, social, etc. A
distinctive feature of philosophical
methods is Universality.

24.

Dialectics
• Dialectics is a
philosophical method that
considers reality
comprehensively, in
development, in motion
and in the interconnection
of all its elements.
• Dialectics - maieutics, the
art of arguing
• "Truth is born in a dispute“
Everything flows,
everything changes"
You can't step into
the same river twice."
(Heraclitus)

25.

3 Laws of Dialectics
• 1. The law of unity and confrontation of
opposites explain the reason for the
development
• 2. The law of the transition of quantity into
quality - explains the mechanism of
development
• 3. The law of "negation of negation" - the
emergence of the new on the basis of the old explains the direction of development

26.

Dialectical spiral of development

27.

Metaphysics
• The philosophical method
opposite to dialectics is
Metaphysics, which explains
the movement, but not the
development of matter.
What is the difference
between movement
and development?

28.

5.The main functions of philosophy:
• The formation of a worldview, which determines the
ability of a person to combine all knowledge about the
world into an integral system, considering it in unity
and diversity.
• - the methodological function - the logical and
theoretical analysis of the surrounding world, the
formation of a scientific picture of the world
• - an epistemological (cognitive) function of philosophy
ensures the formation of new knowledge about the
world. "Knowledge is infinite"
• - the socio-communicative function of philosophy
develops personality, outlook, abstract thinking, the
ability to think broadly, forms a person's worldview

29.

Key words
• Philosophy as
"Love of wisdom
• The fundamental
question of
Philosophy
• Ontology
• Gnoseology
• Ontos (Being)
• Matter
• Spirit
• Worldview
•Polytheism
•Monotheism
Monism
•Dualism
•Dialectics
•Metaphysics
Materialism
Idealism

30.

Control questions
•Why did Philosophy start with wonder?
•Why is Philosophy called the Mother of all sciences?
•What is the Main Question of Philosophy?
•What is the difference between Materialism and Idealism?
•What is the difference between Movement and
Development?
•What is the essence of the Dialectical method?
•What is the difference between Dialectic and
Metaphysics?
•What are the main functions of Philosophy?