Построение текста иноязычного описания культуры

1.

ПОСТРОЕНИЕ ТЕКСТА ИНОЯЗЫЧНОГО
ОПИСАНИЯ КУЛЬТУРЫ
Анжелика Михайловна Антонова,
кандидат филологических наук, доцент кафедры
перевода

2.

ПАРАЛЕЛЛЬНОЕ ПОДКЛЮЧЕНИЕ
Параллельное подключение – это введение в текст целого
комплекса однородных членов предложения и вводных оборотов,
которые в своей совокупности осуществляют ксенонимическую
номинацию, то есть называют элемент описываемой (внешней)
культуры:
The years between the death of Boris Godunov and the accession of
Mikhail Romanov are usually known as the Smutnoe vremya (Time of
Troubles). (CamEnc 1994: 80)

3.

ВВОДНЫЙ ЛЕКИЧЕСКИЙ ОБОРОТ (1)
called ◊ known as ◊ referred to as ◊ what is called /what they call/
what the Russians call ◊
➢ The popular penny prints or broadsides called lubki were first
made by using wood blocks. (S. Massie 1980: 191)
➢ Beginning about 1860, Russian culture was dominated by a
group known as the "intelligentsia" … (EncBr Russian Literature)
➢ [When the Germans officially began] what the Russians refer
to as the Great Patriotic War … (Kokker 2002: 167)

4.

ВВОДНЫЙ ЛЕКИЧЕСКИЙ ОБОРОТ (2)
so-called (often derogatory)
(used to suggest that the words used to describe somebody or something
are not appropriate): Where are your so-called friends now? Our socalled villa by the sea was a small bungalow two miles from the coast.
[OALD: so]
Almost three centuries of the so-called Tatar Yoke effectively walled
off the country from foreign influence … (Time 15.07.1991)
… Peter, in 1697, went with the so-called Grand Embassy to Western
Europe. (EncBr)

5.

ОРГАНИЗАЦИЯ ТЕКСТА ИОК

6.

ОРГАНИЗАЦИЯ ТЕКСТА ИОК
The Turkish capture of Constantinople, the ‘Second Rome’, in 1453...
left Moscow as the ‘Third Rome’ and sole repository of the true
Christian faith. (Bourdeaux, 24)
The century which began with the monk Filofey’s attempt to
popularize the concept of Moscow as the Third Rome (successor to
the Second Rome …) (CamEnc’94, p.56)
Men came to think of Moscow as ‘the Third Rome’. (Ware, p.113)
Such was the origin of the belief in Moscow as the Third and Last
Rome, a belief which had far-reaching consequences for the history of
the nation, and which influenced profoundly the outlook of its people.
(Zernov, p.48)

7.

ПЕРВИЧНОЕ И ПОВТОРНОЕ
УПОТРЕБЛЕНИЕ КСЕНОНИМА
При *первичном употреблении специального ксенонима, как
правило, незнакомое читателю слово или словосочетание
сопровождается пояснением.
При *повторном упоминании уже объясненного ксенонима
потребность в пояснении отпадает.
It was during his imprisonment in Pustozersk that he wrote most of
his works, the greatest of which is considered to be his Zhitiye
("Life"), the first Russian autobiography. Distinguished for its lively
description and for its original, colourful style, the Zhitiye is one of
the great works of early Russian literature. (EncBr: Avvakum)

8.

КСЕНОНИМИЧЕСКАЯ ПРИВЯЗКА
*Ксенонимическая привязка – это введение в текст (чаще
всего) заимствованного ксенонима или калькированного
элемента с целью обеспечения уверенной обратимости.
Осуществляется «терминологизация» параллельно
подключаемой ксенонимической номинации.
The young Peter had a wet-nurse (kormilitsa), nurse (mama),
and nanny (niania). (Hughes 1998: 195)
A type appeared towards the close of the 17th century in the socalled storeyed churches (yarusnye tserkvy). (Hamilton, 178)

9.

НАСЫЩЕННОСТЬ ТЕКСТА СПЕЦИАЛЬНЫМИ
КСЕНОНИМАМИ (1)
Mikhail Bogoslovskii’s Zemskoe samoupravlenie na russkom
severe v XVII v. became central to any subsequent history of the
North, and Aleksandr Kizevetter’s Russkii Sever: rol’ severnogo
kraia evropeiskoi Rossii v istorii russkogo gosudarstva, though
hardly more than a booklet, pointed to important historical
connections between central Russia and the North. Sergei
Platonov’s Proshloe russkogo Severa: Ocherki po istorii
kolonizatsii Pomor’ia drew attention to the important role that
population movements had played in making the North. (Kaizer
2007: 68)

10.

НАСЫЩЕННОСТЬ ТЕКСТА
СПЕЦИАЛЬНЫМИ КСЕНОНИМАМИ (2)
The Vsesoyuznyi Gosudarstvenyi Institut Kinematografii (VGIK;
"All-Union State Institute of Cinematography") was the first such
school in the world and is still among the most respected. Initially,
it trained people in the production of agitki, existing newsreels
reedited for the purpose of agitation and propaganda (agitprop).
The agitki were transported on specially equipped agit-trains and
agit-steamers to the provinces, where they were exhibited to
generate support for the Revolution. (EncBr)

11.

НАСЫЩЕННОСТЬ ТЕКСТА
СПЕЦИАЛЬНЫМИ КСЕНОНИМАМИ (3)
The category 'workers by occupation' (rabochie po rodu zanyatii)
includes landless peasants and 'agricultural workers' (batraki i
sel'skokhozyaistvennye rabochie), minor service personnel in
production (mladshii obsluzhivayushchii personal na proizvodstve),
and other wage workers (prochie nayomnye rabochie), as well as
transport workers (transportnye rabochie) and factory workers
(fabrichno-zavodskie rabochie). The category 'production workers'
(rabochie ot proizvodstva) to which the decree refers includes all of the
above except 'landless peasants and agricultural workers' (Soviet
Studies, 1983, vol. XXXV, No.4, pp.505-6).

12.

НАСЫЩЕННОСТЬ ТЕКСТА
СПЕЦИАЛЬНЫМИ КСЕНОНИМАМИ (4)
Russian cities comprised not only palaces and tenements, but substantial
houses built of wood and stone. A specific vocabulary identified the
different types of dwellings. Most basic was the dvor, a wooden house
more capacious than the izba, or "peasant cottage," but still distinctly
modest, even rude. Khoromy described a larger house constructed of wood
and closer to a mansion, while a house of similar size made of brick or
stone and inhabited by a member of the nobility was called palaty, or
"chambers." The now standard word for house, dom, was used for the
masonry houses of prosperous merchants. Varied as these residences were,
stylistically they all had much in common with the izba, built upon a halfstory, sporting extravagant ornamentation, and laid out in the characteristic
pattern of add-ons. (Gaynor, Haavisto 1994, caption).

13.

НАСЫЩЕННОСТЬ ТЕКСТА
СПЕЦИАЛЬНЫМИ КСЕНОНИМАМИ (5)
«…We sent for the starosta. He was an old, white bearded mujik
dressed in an armiak of embroidered velvet, which gave him an
appearance as of an old Boyar, or Russian nobleman, come down
in life ... (Newby 1978: 149).
In the traditional Russian bylina, or folk epic, a dashing warrior in
shining armor rescues the good Czar from the evil influence of his
scheming boyars. (Time 01 Jan 1996; the opening line)

14.

ЗАТЕКСТОВЫЕ ПОЯСНЕНИЯ
Пояснения в помощь читателю могут быть даны и во
вступительной части, и в виде многочисленных приложений.
Orlando Figes, Natasha’s Dance. A Cultural History of Russia
➢ Предисловие или вступительная часть
➢ Приложения
➢ Index
John Reed, Ten Days that Shook the World
➢ Preface
➢ Notes and Explanations
➢ Appendixes
Massie R.K. Nicholas and Alexandra

15.

ВЫДЕЛЕНИЕ КСЕНОНИМОВ
Лексическое выделение ксенонимов
Графическое выделение ксенонимов:
➢ курсив,
➢ кавычки,
➢ прописная буква
➢ «Бог» (ср.: “bog” – «болото»)
➢ название романа М. Горького «Мать» - Maxim Gor’ky’s Mat’.
➢ Turgenev is celebrated for his novels about intelligents and
ideology … (EncBr)
[Sakharov] is an inward man, a Russian intelligent, an intellectual
through and through. (Smith 1976: 534)

16.

ЛЕКСИЧЕСКОЕ ВЫДЕЛЕНИЕ
КСЕНОНИМОВ
использование вводных лексических оборотов:
Material from the so-called ‘frozen tombs’ of Pazyryk in Siberia
has proved even more valuable. (CamEnc 1982: 79)
The ancient Russian towns north and east of Moscow which make
up what is commonly called “The Golden Ring” seem quite
unassuming in comparison to the sprawling, bustling capital.
(Fodor 1999: 120)

17.

ГРАФИЧЕСКИЕ СПОСОБЫ ВЫДЕЛЕНИЯ
КСЕНОНИМОВ. КУРСИВ (1)
Курсив — это разновидность типографского шрифта, близкая по
рисунку к наклонному рукописному письму, используемая для
выделения слова или большей части текста, который обычно
набирается прямым шрифтом.
Основная функция курсива – выделение неосвоенных (обычно
нарицательных) заимствований, включая и ксенонимы:
… one of the accepted uses of italic type is for distinguishing words in
foreign languages, and it is true that a word which is invariably printed
in italics can safely be regarded as ‘foreign’ (Bliss 1977: 8-9).

18.

ГРАФИЧЕСКИЕ СПОСОБЫ ВЫДЕЛЕНИЯ
КСЕНОНИМОВ. КУРСИВ (2)
Курсив служит сигналом того, что данное непривычное и
незнакомое слово — это иноязычное образование, что и
объясняет его необычную форму. Само выделение слова
курсивом уже относит его в категорию неосвоенных
заимствованных языковых единиц: I prefer cappucino to
regular coffee. (The Italian word cappucino is now considered
English and is thus not italicized). (WNWD: 1565)
This is the basic element of control — the residential permit in the
passport, known as the propiska. (Smith 1976: 327)
«Of the three stringed instruments important are gusli, the domra,
the balalaika and the gudok. (CamEnc 1994: 266)»

19.

ГРАФИЧЕСКИЕ СПОСОБЫ ВЫДЕЛЕНИЯ
КСЕНОНИМОВ. КУРСИВ (3)
The boyars and okolnichy generally served as heads of government
offices, provincial governors, and military commanders. (EncBr)
[In August] Muscovites leave in droves for their dachas in the
countryside. (Richardson 2005: viii)

20.

ГРАФИЧЕСКИЕ СПОСОБЫ ВЫДЕЛЕНИЯ
КСЕНОНИМОВ. КУРСИВ (4)
The Cossacks (1862) ... sets its retrospective hero Olenin amidst
a Cossack tribe who live by purest instincts. (CamEnc 1982:
204)
However, Baby Yar came to world attention with the publication
in September 1961 of Yevgeny A. Yevtushenko's moving poem
Baby Yar, written in protest against plans to build a sports
stadium on the site. (EncBr).

21.

ГРАФИЧЕСКИЕ СПОСОБЫ ВЫДЕЛЕНИЯ
КСЕНОНИМОВ. КУРСИВ (5)
In Russian, the word feministka is pejorative, meaning a bossy
man-hater rather than a woman who wants equality in the
workplace. (New York Times International 25.11.1991)
vs
Yasnaya Polyana was acquired in 1763 by C.F. Volkonsky, Leo
Tolstoy's great grandfather. (EncBr).

22.

ГРАФИЧЕСКИЕ СПОСОБЫ ВЫДЕЛЕНИЯ
КСЕНОНИМОВ. КАВЫЧКИ (1)
Кавычки
—
это
парный
знак
препинания,
употребляющийся для выделения в тексте прямой речи,
цитат, заглавий, а также слов, употребленных в
условном, несобственном смысле. Английский язык
использует наряду с привычными для нас «двойными
кавычками» (double quotation marks) также «одинарные
кавычки» (single quotations).

23.

ГРАФИЧЕСКИЕ СПОСОБЫ ВЫДЕЛЕНИЯ
КСЕНОНИМОВ. КАВЫЧКИ (1)
Кавычки – выделение с целью подчеркнуть необычность
употребления слова:
“Dishes” are fast becoming a familiar part of the American landscape.
(WNWD: 1564)
The Khrushchev “thaw” had brought an end to the Zhdanovite campaign
against the so-called “formalists” … (Figes 2003 579)
In the aging dictator's last years the stultifying effect of what his
successors would call “the cult of the personality” became more and
more obvious ... (CamEnc 1982: 119)

24.

ГРАФИЧЕКСИЕ СПОСОБЫ ВЫДЕЛЕНИЯ
КСЕНОНИМОВ. КАВЫЧКИ (2)
➢ Some of the byliny were taken over by the “historical” songs, of
which the subjects were more concerned with specific historical events.
(CamEnc 1994: 256)
➢ The Russian “romance”, the lyrical sentimental or passionate song,
also developed with Glinka ... (Fodor 1989: 111)
Ср.: romance: 1 a (1): a medieval tale based on legend, chivalric love and adventure, or the
supernatural (2): a prose narrative treating imaginary characters involved in events remote in time or
place and usu. heroic, adventurous, or mysterious (3): a love story (EncBrDic).
➢ Back in Rostov, he moved into the new world, “cooperatives,” the
Soviet last-ditch experiment at small semiprivate enterprise. (Meier
2004: 63)

25.

ГРАФИЧЕСКИЕ СПОСОБЫ ВЫДЕЛЕНИЯ
КСЕНОНИМОВ. КАВЫЧКИ (3)
выделение наименований ‘малых’ произведений литературы и
искусства, например, названия рассказов Чехова:
Especially noteworthy are "Skuchnaya istoriya" (written 1889; "A Dreary
Story"), "Duel" (written 1891; "The Duel"), "Palata No. 6" (written 1892;
"Ward Number Six"), "Kryzhovnik" (written 1898; "Gooseberries"),
"Dushechka" (written 1899; "The Darling"), "Dama s sobachkoy"
(written 1899; "The Lady with the Lap Dog"), "Arkhiyerey" (written
1902; "The Bishop"), and "Nevesta" (written 1903; "The Betrothed").
(EncBr)
Кстати, задумайтесь над тем, как англоязычные читают эту часть
текста: «"Palata No. 6" (written 1892; "Ward Number Six")».

26.

ДВОЙНОЕ ГРАФИЧЕСКОЕ ВЫДЕЛЕНИЕ
Рекомендуется не использовать двойное выделение.
Couples with no children have to pay six percent of their earnings
in the so-called "childless" tax ... (Fodor 1989: 53)

27.

ГРАФИЧЕСКОЕ ВЫДЕЛЕНИЕ.
ПРОПИСНАЯ БУКВА (1)
Прописная (заглавная, «большая») буква и в русском и в
английском языках употребляется для выделения начала предложения
и собственных имен. Вместе с тем, в разных языках прописная буква
выполняет различные функции и, в частности, практика английского
языка отличается от функции прописной буквы в русском языке.
➢
наименования общественных и религиозных движений,
направлений в искусстве и их членов (Old Believers, Molokans,
Constructivism, Democrats, Liberals, Socialist Realism, Stakhanovite);
➢ топонимические классификаторы: the Neva River, the Crimean
Peninsula, the Black Sea, Lake Ladoga, the Strait of Bering, the Ural
Mountains;

28.

ГРАФИЧЕСКОЕ ВЫДЕЛЕНИЕ.
ПРОПИСНАЯ БУКВА (2)
➢ наименование исторических событий (the Battle on the Ice, the
Time of Troubles, the Bloody Sunday, Yalta Conference, Doctors’
Plot);
➢
наименование
титулов,
официальных
постов,
предшествующих фамилии (Prince Igor’, Count Sheremet’ev,
Grand Duke Vladimir, President Vladimir Putin);
➢ учёные звания, степени, почётные звания, следующие за
фамилией человека (M. Mironova, People’s Artist of Russia);
➢ термины родства, предшествующие фамилии (Uncle Vanya);

29.

ГРАФИЧЕСКОЕ ВЫДЕЛЕНИЕ.
ПРОПИСНАЯ БУКВА (3)
➢ прилагательные и имена существительные, образованные
от имён собственных (Chekhovian, Oblomovism, Pavlovian,
Petrine Reforms, Trotskyite);
➢
существительные,
фактически
подвергшиеся
ономастизации: a civil war → the Civil War, a hermitage → the
Hermitage, resistance → the (French) Resistance.

30.

ГРАФИЧЕСКОЕ ВЫДЕЛЕНИЕ.
ПРОПИСНАЯ БУКВА (4)
Some of these eventually broke away and formed a schismatic
group known as the Old Believers. (CamEnc 1982: 91).
... Oleg's successor Igor was killed in battle by a tribe known as
the Drevlians ... (Time 02 March 1990)
The Doctors’ Plot it was called, and it became one of the final
landmarks along Stalin’s last road ... (Shipler 1989: 148)
Many titles for meritorious service to the state (for example,
Hero of the Soviet Union, Hero of Socialist Labour, Honoured
Artist) and a number of orders (such as Order of Lenin) have
been established … (CamEnc 1982: 377)

31.

ГРАФИЧЕСКОЕ ВЫДЕЛЕНИЕ.
ПРОПИСНАЯ БУКВА (5)
the Prophet, the Resistance, the Hermitage.
the War, the Civil War, the Revolution, the Party:
war 2. (as the War) a war in progress or recently ended; the most
recent major war (OEED)
“The word ‘Party’, spelt with a capital letter, should be taken to
mean ‘the Communist Party of the Soviet Union’ (Crowe 1969:
viii).

32.

ГРАФИЧЕСКОЕ ВЫДЕЛЕНИЕ.
ПРОПИСНАЯ БУКВА (6)
➢Lermontov’s Geroy nashego vremeni (1840; A Hero of Our Time)
(EncBr)
➢The so-called Noviye Russkie – a deliberate play in Russian on “nouveau
riche” were those who had managed to grab a slice of the spoils and
grown preposterously rich overnight. Most Russians, being Old Russians,
naturally hated the New Russians... (Meier 2004: 25)
➢… the liberalizing thaw that followed Khrushchev’s secret speech of
1956 … (Meier 2004: 79)
➢In most hotels except the cheapest and the expensive new foreign ones
each floor has a floor lady (dezhurnaya) to keep an eye on it. They’re
well worth making friends with. Often the dezhurnaya and the room
cleaners are the nicest people in the place, almost always able to supply
you with snacks, bottled drinks or boiled water. (Noble et al. 1996: 67)

33.

УСПЕХОВ!