Ship Parts and Constructions

1.

Ship Parts and Constructions
Artem Popov
23-ETS-2

2.

The anatomy of a ship is a testament to human ingenuity,
engineering prowess, and centuries of maritime
evolution. From the foundational hull to the cutting-edge
propulsion systems, each component plays a vital role in
ensuring not only the functionality of the vessel but also
the safety of those who sail the seas. In this presentation
we will look at each part of the ship and see what it is
responsible for.

3.

KEEL
The keel is the main structural element or
backbone of a ship or boat.
The keel is the lowest structural element of a
ship and extends longitudinally from bow to
stern.
It is perhaps the most important structural
element of any vessel compared to the spine
or foundation of any building. In order to
build a ship in the old days, people used rare
types of wood. Over time, keel designs
became more and more complex with the
development of the naval shipyard, and the
elements that were part of the keel became
more and more. A risen keel is a keel
consisting of several component parts.

4.

TYPES OF KEEL

5.

BOTTOM OF THE SHIP
The part of the hull below
the waterline as the bottom
of the vessel.Another term
that you could use to
describe the bottom of a
ship is the underside. Again
this is a fairly simple and
self-explanatory term.

6.

STEM OF THE SHIP
The stem is the most forward part of a
boat or ship's bow and is an extension of
the keel itself. It is often found on
wooden boats or ships, but not
exclusively. It is a part of the ship's hull
and plays a significant role in shaping the
ship's profile and affecting its
performance in the water. The stem
extends upward and outward from the
keel and meets the deck at the bow.

7.

STERNPOST
Sternpost - the rear end of
the ship in the form of a
rigid beam or frame of
complex shape, on which
the keel, side, plating and
frame are closed vertically;
The ship's rudder is
suspended from it.

8.

FRAMING AND FRAMES
The framing of a ship refers
to the structural framework
that supports and shapes the
hull. The primary purpose of
ship framing is to provide
strength, stability, and form
to the vessel. Ship framing
includes various components.

9.

BEAM
The beam of a ship is its width at its
widest point. The maximum beam is
the distance between planes passing
through the outer sides of the ship,
the beam of the hull includes only
the permanently attached parts of
the hull, and the beam at the
waterline is the maximum width
where the hull intersects the surface
of the water.

10.

THE HULL
The hull is the waterproof body of a
ship, boat or flying boat. The hull
may open from the top (for example,
on a boat) or may be completely or
partially covered by the deck. The
deck may contain a deckhouse and
other superstructures, such as a
funnel, a tower or a mast. The line
where the boat's hull meets the
surface of the water is called the
waterline.

11.

BULBOUS BOW
A bulbous bow is a
protruding, bulb-like
structure that extends
beneath the waterline at the
bow (front) of a ship. It is
designed to modify the flow
of water around the hull and
has several purposes.

12.

WHAT IS A BULBOUS BOW FOR?
Reducing Wave Resistance:
The bulbous bow is shaped
to change the pattern of
the bow wave created as
the ship moves through
the water. By doing so, it
reduces wave resistance,
which can result in
improved fuel efficiency
and increased speed.
Enhancing Seakeeping:
The bulbous bow can
enhance the seakeeping
abilities of the ship,
particularly in adverse sea
conditions. It helps in
dampening pitching
motions and improving
the overall stability of the
vessel.

13.

WATERLINE
The waterline of a ship refers to
the line or mark where the hull of
the ship meets the surface of the
water when it is properly loaded
with cargo, fuel, and other
necessary items. This line
encircles the ship's hull
horizontally, and the portion of
the hull below this line is
submerged in the water.

14.

DRAUGHT MARKS
Ship draft marks, also known as draft
indicators or draught marks, are markings
on the hull of a ship that indicate the
depth of the vessel below the waterline.
The purpose of these marks is to provide a
visual reference for determining how
much of the ship's hull is submerged in the
water at any given time. Draft is a crucial
measurement for ship navigation and
safety, as it affects the ship's stability,
maneuverability, and ability to navigate
through various water depths.

15.

A LITTLE ABOUT PLIMSOLL LINE
The load line, also known as the Plimsoll Line,
is a special mark positioned amidships on a
merchant vessel’s side, depicting the draft of
the vessel and the maximum permitted depth
to which it can be loaded in different densities
of water, seasons and areas of the world. The
amount loaded would be very different on a
ship making a voyage across the North Atlantic
in winter, to one under summer freeboard
conditions. The load line provides a simple
check that the ship has sufficient reserve
buoyancy when loaded.

16.

THE BOW
The bow (prow) of a ship refers to the forward or
front section of the vessel. It is the part that
typically faces forward as the ship moves
through the water. The opposite end of the ship,
or the rear part, is called the stern.
The bow is designed to efficiently cut through
the water, providing the vessel with
hydrodynamic qualities that aid in its movement.
The shape of the bow can vary depending on the
type and purpose of the ship. Different bow
designs are suitable for different conditions and
functions, such as improving stability, reducing
resistance, or enhancing maneuverability.

17.

AMIDSHIPS
Amidships refers to the middle portion of
a ship, usually in terms of its length. It is
the area that is equidistant from the bow
(front) and the stern (rear) of the vessel.
The term is used to describe a location or
position along the ship's longitudinal axis.
For example, if someone says that an
object is located amidships, it means the
object is situated at or near the middle of
the ship. Similarly, if a specific activity is
happening amidships, it is taking place in
the central part of the vessel.

18.

TRANSOM
A transom refers to the flat or
vertical surface at the stern
(rear) of a boat or ship. It is
essentially the back end of the
vessel, and the transom may
have various configurations
depending on the type and
purpose of the watercraft.

19.

SHIP’S SIDES
PORT
STRBD
STERN
Port and starboard are nautical terms
for watercraft, referring respectively
to the left and right sides of the
vessel, when aboard and facing
the bow (front).
Vessels with bilateral symmetry have
left and right halves which are mirror
images of each other. One
asymmetric feature is where access to
a boat, ship, or aircraft is at the side,
it is usually only on the port side
(hence the name).

20.

BULWARK
Bulwarks can be defined as the extension of
side shell plating above the level of the
weather deck which serves as a solid,
providing safety to passengers and crew on
board to prevent them from falling off the
vessel. Bulwarks in ships don’t play a major
role in providing structural integrity and hence
the plating used for them is considerably less
thick than the other structural plates. In open
areas the height is specified to be a minimum
of 1 meter as per IMO rules only in exceptions
can it be less than 1m if it affects the ship’s
operability. The bulwarks are normally
supported by stanchions.

21.

GUNWALE
The gunwale of a ship is the upper
edge of the side of the hull. It
provides strength and support to
the sides of the vessel and can
also serve as a mounting point for
various fittings and equipment.
The term "gunwale" is often used
in nautical and maritime contexts
to refer to this specific part of a
ship's structure.

22.

SHELL PLATING
The shell plating forms the
watertight skin of the ship and at
the same time, contributes to the
longitudinal strength and resists
vertical shear forces. Internal
strengthening of the shell plating
may be both transverse and
longitudinal.

23.

FENDER
A device in other shape and material
used to absorb the kinetic energy of
a boat or vessel berthing against a jetty,
quay wall or other vessel. Fenders, used
on all types of vessels, from cargo ships
to cruise ships, ferries and
personal yachts, prevent damage to
vessels and berthing structures. To do
this, fenders have high energy absorption
and low reaction force. Fenders are
typically manufactured out of rubber,
foam elastomer or plastic.

24.

DECK
A deck is a permanent covering over
a compartment or a hull of a ship. On
a boat or ship, the primary or upper deck is
the horizontal structure that forms the "roof"
of the hull, strengthening it and serving as the
primary working surface. Vessels often have
more than one level both within the hull and
in the superstructure above the primary deck,
similar to the floors of a multi-storey building,
that are also referred to as decks, as are
certain compartments and decks built over
specific areas of the superstructure. Decks for
some purposes have specific names.

25.

FORECASTLE
The forecastle is the upper deck of
a sailing ship forward of
the foremast, or, historically, the
forward part of a ship with the
sailors' living quarters. Related to
the latter meaning is the phrase
"before the mast" which denotes
anything related to ordinary sailors,
as opposed to a ship's officers.

26.

POOP DECK
The poop deck is an elevated deck on
the aft (rear) part of a ship, typically
above the main deck. Historically, it
was a structure located at the stern,
and its name is believed to have
originated from the French word
"poupe," meaning stern. The poop
deck has been a feature on many
traditional sailing vessels.

27.

HATCH
A cargo hatch or deck
hatch or hatchway is type of door used
on ships and boats to cover the opening
to the cargo hold or other lower part of
the ship. To make the cargo hold
waterproof, most cargo holds have cargo
hatch. This can be a waterproof door, like
a trap door with hinges or a cover that is
places on top of the cargo hold opening,
covered and held down with a tarp or a
latching system. Cargo hatch can also be
flexible and roll up on to a pole.

28.

SUPERSTRUCTURE
On water craft, the superstructure consists of
the parts of the ship or a boat, including
sailboats, fishing boats, passenger ships, and
submarines, that project above her main
deck. This does not usually include its masts
or any armament turrets. The size of a
watercraft's superstructure can have many
implications in the performance of ships and
boats, since these structures can alter their
structural rigidity, their displacements,
and/or stability. These can be detrimental to
any vessel's performance if they are taken
into consideration incorrectly.

29.

ACCOMODATION

30.

GANGWAY
A ship gangway, also known as
a ship brow or accommodation
ladder, is a passageway that
joins a ship's quarterdeck to
the forecastle. Today's use of
ship gangways is for passengers
to safely board and exit a ship,
as well as for loading and
unloading, and repairing ships.

31.

FUNNEL
A funnel is the smokestack or chimney on
a ship used to
expel boiler steam and smoke or engine e
xhaust. They are also commonly referred
to as stacks. The primary purpose of a
ship's funnel(s) is to lift the exhaust gases
clear of the deck, in order not to foul the
ship's structure or decks, and to avoid
impairing the ability of the crew to carry
out their duties.
In steam ships the funnels also served to
help induce a convection draught through
the boilers.

32.

MAST
The mast of a sailing vessel is a tall spar,
or arrangement of spars, erected more or
less vertically on the centre-line of a ship
or boat. Its purposes include
carrying sails, spars, and derricks, giving
necessary height to a navigation
light, look-out
position, signal yard, control
position, radio aerial or signal
lamp. Large ships have several masts,
with the size and configuration
depending on the style of ship. Nearly all
sailing masts are guyed.

33.

WHISTLE
A whistle refers to a signaling
device used for communication
and navigation. The ship's whistle
is a safety requirement and is
employed to convey specific
signals to other vessels, especially
in conditions of reduced visibility
or when the vessels are in close
proximity to each other.

34.

NAVIGATION LIGHTS
A navigation light, also known as a running
or position light, is a source of illumination
on a watercraft, aircraft or spacecraft,
meant to give information on the craft's
position, heading, or status. Some
navigation lights are colour-coded red and
green to aid traffic control by identifying
the craft's orientation. Their placement is
mandated by international conventions or
civil authorities such as the International
Maritime Organization (IMO).

35.

PORTHOLES
A porthole, sometimes called bull'seye window or bull's-eye, is a
generally circular window used on
the hull of ships to admit light and air.
Though the term is
of maritime origin, it is also used to
describe round windows on armored
vehicles, aircraft, automobiles (the Fo
rd Thunderbird a notable example)

36.

RUDDER BLADE
A rudder blade is a crucial
component of a ship's steering
system. It is the flat or curved
structure that extends down into
the water from the stern (rear) of
the ship. The primary function of
the rudder blade is to control the
direction of the vessel by redirecting
the flow of water passing around it.

37.

PROPELLER
A propeller in a ship is a rotary
device with blades that generates
thrust by pushing water backward.
The primary purpose of a ship's
propeller is to propel the vessel
forward, providing the necessary
propulsion for movement through
water. The propeller is a key
component of the ship's propulsion
system.

38.

BOW/STERN THRUSTER
Manoeuvering thrusters (bow
thrusters and stern thrusters) are transversal
propulsion devices built into, or mounted to,
either the bow or stern, of a ship or boat to
make it more manoeuvrable. Bow thrusters
make docking easier, since they allow the
captain to turn the vessel
to port or starboard side, without using the
main propulsion mechanism which requires
some forward motion for turning. A stern
thruster is of the same principle, fitted at the
stern. Sufficiently large vessels often have
multiple bow thrusters and stern thrusters.

39.

NAVIGATIONAL BRIDGE
A bridge, also known as
a pilothouse or wheelhouse, is a room or
platform of a ship from which the ship
can be commanded. When a ship is under
way, the bridge is manned by an officer of
the watch aided usually by an able
seaman acting as a lookout. During critical
maneuvers the captain will be on the
bridge, often supported by an officer of
the watch, an able seaman on the wheel
and sometimes a pilot, if required.

40.

BRIDGE WINGS
Some flying bridges have "bridge wings", open areas
which thrust outward from the flying bridge over
the sides of the vessel by approximately 10 to 15
feet (3.0 to 4.6 m) to allow an officer to see the side
of their ship while docking or working with smaller
vessels. A bridge wing is a narrow walkway
extending from both sides of a pilothouse to the full
width of a ship or slightly beyond, to allow bridge
personnel a full view to aid in the maneuvering of
the ship. Officers use bridge wings when docking or
maneuvering in locks and narrow waterways. Each
bridge wing may be equipped with a console
controlling the bow thruster, stern thruster, rudder
and engines.

41.

CABIN
A cabin refers to a private or enclosed
space where passengers or crew
members can rest, sleep, or carry out
various activities. Cabins are individual
compartments or rooms on a ship that
provide some degree of privacy and
shelter. The size, amenities, and
features of cabins can vary widely
depending on the type and purpose of
the vessel.

42.

GALLEY
A galley refers to the onboard kitchen
or cooking area where meals are
prepared for the crew and passengers.
The galley is an essential part of the
ship's infrastructure, ensuring that
those on board have access to food
and beverages. The size and facilities
of a galley can vary depending on the
type and purpose of the vessel.

43.

MESSROOM
A messroom on a ship is a
designated area where the crew
gathers to eat their meals. It is a
communal space where seafarers,
both officers and crew members,
come together to share their
meals and socialize during their
break times.

44.

FOREPEAK (TANK)
The forepeak of a ship refers to a
compartment located at the
forward end or bow of the
vessel. It is an enclosed space
situated below the main deck
and is often used for various
purposes, such as storage,
ballasting, or housing specific
ship systems.

45.

AFTER PEAK (TANK)
The after peak tank of a ship is
a compartment located at the
aft (rear) end of the vessel,
below the main deck. Similar
to the forepeak tank at the
bow, the after peak tank
serves various purposes,
including storage, ballasting,
and maintaining stability.

46.

HOLD
A "hold" refers to a large, enclosed space
within the vessel's hull that is designed for the
stowage of cargo. Holds are typically used on
cargo ships to transport goods of various
types, and they serve as the primary storage
area for the ship's cargo. Holds are located
below the main deck of the ship, extending
downward into the hull. The number of holds
on a ship depends on its size, design, and
intended use. The primary purpose of a hold is
to provide a secure and protected space for
the storage of cargo during transport. Cargo
can be stowed in holds to prevent it from
shifting during rough seas and to ensure the
ship's stability.

47.

BULKHEADS
A bulkhead refers to a
structural partition or wall
that separates different
compartments within the
vessel. Bulkheads are
essential components of a
ship's hull, contributing to
its strength, stability, and
safety.

48.

TWEENDECK
A tweendeck in a ship refers to an
additional deck or a partial deck
located between two main decks. The
tweendeck is not a continuous deck
that spans the entire length of the
ship; instead, it covers a specific
section or portions of the cargo hold.
This feature provides flexibility in
cargo stowage and allows for the
transportation of different types of
cargo with varying sizes and shapes.

49.

ENGINE ROOM
The engine room of a ship is a
vital and enclosed space where
the ship's main propulsion
system and other essential
machinery are located. It is often
considered the heart of the
vessel, as it houses the engines
and systems responsible for
powering the ship and ensuring
its functionality.

50.

PUMP ROOM
. The pump room on a ship is a designated
space that houses various pumps and
associated equipment. Pumps are crucial for
the functioning of a ship, as they are
responsible for moving fluids such as water,
fuel, oil, and other substances within the
vessel. The primary purpose of the pump
room is to house and protect the ship's
pumps and related machinery. Pumps are
used for various purposes, including
ballasting, bilge water removal, fuel transfer,
firefighting, and cargo handling.

51.

WINDLASS
A windlass is a mechanical
device used on ships and
boats for hoisting or hauling
operations. It is commonly
found on the foredeck of
vessels and is primarily used
for raising and lowering
heavy equipment, such as
anchors, as well as for
handling mooring lines.

52.

ANCHOR
An anchor is a heavy device,
typically made of metal, that is
used on ships and boats to
prevent the vessel from drifting
or moving unintentionally.
Anchors are essential maritime
equipment and play a crucial role
in keeping a ship stationary when
not under power or sail.

53.

HAWSE
The term "hawse" in the context of a
ship refers to the area on the ship's
bow where the anchor cables or
chains pass through the hull. More
specifically, the hawse is the hole or
opening in the ship's structure
through which the anchor rode
(anchor chain or cable) is led from
the anchor windlass or winch on the
deck to the anchor outside the ship.

54.

WINCH
A winch is a mechanical device
used on ships and boats for
hoisting or pulling heavy loads.
Winches are essential
components of a ship's deck
machinery, and they play a
crucial role in various maritime
operations, including anchoring,
mooring, cargo handling, and
towing.

55.

CAPSTAN
A capstan is a vertical, rotating
drum or cylinder that is used on
ships and boats to apply force for
various operations involving
ropes, cables, or lines. Capstans
are essential components of a
ship's deck machinery and are
commonly used for tasks such as
heaving lines, raising anchors, and
handling mooring lines.

56.

HANDRAILS
Handrails onboard a ship are safety
features in the form of horizontal or
vertical bars or rails installed along
the edges of walkways, staircases, or
open decks. The primary purpose of
handrails is to provide a secure and
stable support for individuals moving
around the ship, helping to prevent
accidents and enhance safety.

57.

CRANE/DERRICK
A crane or derrick on a ship is a
piece of equipment used for lifting
and lowering heavy loads, often for
cargo handling purposes. These
devices are essential for various
maritime operations, including
loading and unloading cargo, placing
items on the deck or in storage
areas, and facilitating ship-to-ship or
ship-to-shore transfers.

58.

LENGTH OVERALL OF SHIP
The Length Overall (LOA) of a ship
is the total length of the vessel
from its foremost point to its
aftermost point, measured parallel
to the waterline. In other words,
LOA represents the maximum
length of the ship, encompassing all
protrusions, including the bow
(forward) and the stern (rear).

59.

LENGTH AT WATERLINE
The Length at the Waterline (LWL)
of a ship is the length of the vessel
measured along the waterline or
the hull's outer surface at the
intersection with the water. It is
the distance between the points
where the water meets the hull at
the bow (forward end) and stern
(rear end) of the ship.

60.

LENGTH BETWEEN PERPENDICULARS
The Length Between Perpendiculars (LBP)
is a measurement used in naval
architecture to denote the length of a ship
along its waterline, between the
perpendiculars at the bow (forward) and
stern (rear). Specifically, it is the distance
from the point on the bow where the
forward perpendicular intersects the
designed waterline to the point on the
stern where the aft perpendicular
intersects the same waterline.

61.

AIR DRAUGHT
Air draught, also known as air draft, is
the vertical distance from the waterline
to the highest point on a ship or any
structure mounted on the ship, including
masts, antennas, or other protruding
elements. In simpler terms, it is the
clearance or height between the
waterline and the highest part of the
ship that needs to navigate under
bridges, power lines, or other overhead
obstructions.

62.

THE SHIPBOARD DIRECTIONS

63.

THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION !