The first industrial revolution

1. The First Industrial Revolution 1760-1820/1840

2. Prelude: The Population Explosion

○ Famine
○ War
○ Disease
○ Stricter quarantine
measures
○ The elimination of
the black rat

3. Historical Significance of the Industrial Revolution

The Industrial Revolution changed human
life drastically
More was created in the last 250+ years than
in the previous 2500+ years of known
human history

4. What was the Industrial Revolution?

The Industrial Revolution refers to the
greatly increased output of machine
made goods that began in England in
the 1700s

5. The Industrial Revolution

Machines were invented which replaced
human labor
New energy sources were developed to
power the new machinery – water,
steam, electricity, oil (gas, kerosene)
Increased use of metals and minerals
Aluminum, coal, copper, iron, etc.

6. Britain Takes the Lead

Great Britain’s advantages:
Plentiful iron and coal
A navigable river system
Colonies that supplied
raw materials and
bought finished goods
A government that
encouraged
improvements in
transportation and used
its navy to protect
British trade

7. Development of the Domestic System of Production

Domestic system developed in England
Late 1600s-late 1800s
Domestic system could not keep up with
demand

8. The Industrial Revolution

Transportation improved
Ships
○ Wooden ships → Iron ships → Steel ships
○ Wind-powered sails → Steam-powered boilers
Trains
Automobiles
Communication improved
Telegraph
Telephone
Radio

9. Background of the Industrial Revolution

Scientific Revolution
Intellectual Revolution
Encouraged learning and the search for better
and newer ways of doing things
Agricultural Revolution
Landowners experimented in their enclosures
Seed drill
Crop rotation
Livestock breeding

10. The Seed Drill

11. Innovations: The Threshing Machine

12. Townshend’s Four-Field System

crop rotation example
Charles
“Turnip”
Townshend

13. Factory System

Developed to replace the domestic system of
production
Faster method of production
Workers concentrated in a set location
Production anticipated demand
For example: Under the domestic system, a woman
might select fabric and have a businessperson give it
to a home-based worker to make into a dress. Under
the factory system, the factory owner bought large lots
of popular fabrics and had workers create multiple
dresses in common sizes, anticipating that women
would buy them.

14.

15. Why the Industrial Revolution Started in England

Capital for
investing in the
means of
production
Colonies and
Markets for
manufactured
goods
Raw materials
for production
Workers
Merchant
marine
Geography

16. England’s Resources: Capital

merchants had the capital to invest in the factory
system – money to buy buildings, machinery, and
raw materials
Its colonies gave England access to enormous
markets and vast amounts of raw materials
possessed the necessary raw materials to create
the means of production (coal, iron)
English people could freely travel from the
countryside to the cities
World’s largest merchant fleet

17. England’s Resources: Geography

England is the political center of Great Britain,
an island
Great Britain did not suffer fighting on its land
during the wars of the 18th century
Island has excellent harbors and ports
Damp climate benefited the textile industry
(thread did not dry out)
Government stable
No internal trade barriers

18. Inventions Spur Industrialization

Weavers work faster-flying shuttles/
spinning jennies
Water frame uses H2O to drive spinning
wheels
Power loom- spinning mules speed up
production
Move machinery to factories

19. “Necessity Is the Mother of Invention”

Spinning machine
Need to speed up
weaving
Power loom created

20. “Necessity Is the Mother of Invention”

Power loom
Increased demand
for raw cotton
Invention of the
cotton gin

21. “Necessity Is the Mother of Invention”

Cotton gin
Demands for stronger iron
Improvements in iron
smelting and the development
of steel (Bessemer process)

22. “Necessity Is the Mother of Invention”

As more steampowered machines
were built, factories
needed more coal to
create this steam
Mining methods
improved to meet
the demand for
more coal
•The process of inventing never ends
•One invention inevitably leads to improvements upon it
and to more inventions

23. Bell Work January 13, 2014

Turn your project into the stack at the
front
Also, turn your current event into your
box
How was your second drawing of the
urban village different than your first?
Were you surprised at how fast these
towns grew in just 100 years?
What factors did you think about when
laying out your town?

24. The Birth and Growth of the Textile Industry

John Kay (English)
Flying shuttle,
1733
Hand-operated machine which increased the speed of
weaving
James Hargreaves (English)
Spinning
jenny, 1765
Home-based machine that spun thread 8 times faster
than when spun by hand
Richard Arkwright (English)
Water frame,
1769
Water-powered spinning machine that was too large
for use in a home – led to the creation of factories

25.

Samuel Crompton (English)
Spinning mule, 1779
Combined the spinning jenny and the water frame into a single device,
increasing the production of fine thread
Edward Cartwright (English)
Power loom, 1785
Water-powered device that automatically and quickly wove thread
into cloth
Eli Whitney (American)
Cotton gin, 1793
Device separated raw cotton from cotton seeds, increasing the cotton
supply while lowering the cost of raw cotton
Elias Howe (American)
Sewing machine, 1846
Speed of sewing greatly increased
These machines were so large. They were placed in
large buildings called factories

26.

27. Development of Steam Engines

Early water power involved mills built over
fast-moving streams and rivers
Problems-rivers far removed, not enough
power, prone to drying
James Watt, Scotland (1769)
Improved Newcomen’s steam engine to power
machinery

28. Steam Engines

By 1800, steam engines were replacing
water wheels as sources of power for
factories
Factories relocated near raw materials,
workers, and ports
Cities grew around the factories built
near central England’s coal and iron
mines
Manchester, Liverpool

29. Transportation

Increased
production
Search for
more markets
and raw
materials
Before the Industrial Revolution
•Canal barges pulled by mules
•Ships powered by sails
•Horse-drawn wagons, carts, and carriages
After the Industrial Revolution
•Trains
•Steamships
•Trolleys
•Automobiles
Better and
faster means
of
transportation

30. Transportation Revolution

Robert Fulton
(American)
Thomas Telford
and John
McAdam (British)
George
Stephenson
(English)
• Steamboat
(1807)
• Sped water
transportation
• Macadamized
roads (18101830)
• Improved roads
• Locomotive
(1825)
• Fast land
transport of
people and goods
Gottlieb Daimler
(German)
Rudolf Diesel
(German)
• Gasoline engine
(1885)
• Led to the
invention of the
automobile
• Diesel engine
(1892)
• Cheaper fuel
Orville and Wilbur
Wright
(American)
• Airplane (1903)
• Air transport

31. Steamboats

Robert Fulton invented the steamboat in 1807
The Clermont operated the first regular steamboat
route, running between Albany and New York City
1819 – the Savannah used a steam engine as
auxiliary power for the first time when it sailed
across the Atlantic Ocean
1836 – John Ericsson invented a screw propeller to
replace paddle wheels
1838 – the Great Western first ship to sail across
the Atlantic on steam power alone, completing the
trip in 15 days

32.

33. Macadamized Roads

Strong, hard roads invented by Thomas Telford and
John McAdam
Improvement over dirt and gravel roads
Macadamized roads have a smooth, hard surface
that supports heavy loads without requiring a thick
roadbed
Modern roads are macadamized roads, with tar
added to limit the creation of dust

34.

35. Railroads

1830 – Stephenson’s “Rocket” train traveled the
40 miles between Liverpool and Manchester in 1
½ hours
1830-1870 – railroad tracks went from 49 miles
to over 15,000 miles
Steel rails replaced iron rails
1869 – Westinghouse’s air brake made train
travel safer
Greater train traveling comfort – heavier train
cars, improved road beds, and sleeping cars

36.

37. Communications Revolution

Samuel F.B.
Morse (American)
Alexander
Graham Bell
(American)
• Telegraph (1844)
• Rapid
communication
across continents
• Telephone (1876)
• Human speech
heard across
continents
Cyrus W. Field
(American)
• Atlantic cable
(1866)
• United States
and Europe
connected by
cable
Guglielmo
Marconi (Italian)
Lee de Forest
(American)
• Wireless
telegraph, an
early form of the
radio (1895)
• No wires needed
for sending
messages
• Radio tube
(1907)
• Radio broadcasts
could be sent
around the world
Vladimir
Zworykin
(American)
• Television (1925)
• Simultaneous
audio and visual
broadcast

38. Bell Work January 14 Review Questions Pick two to answer thoroughly

1.
What was the Industrial Revolution?
2.
Describe at least three developments of the
Industrial Revolution.
3.
Compare and contrast the domestic and factory
methods of production.
4.
Why did the Industrial Revolution begin in England?
5.
Explain why one invention or development leads to
another.

39. Review Questions

6.
Explain how developments in the textile industry
sparked the Industrial Revolution.
7.
Describe at least three developments in the area of
transportation.
8.
Describe at least three developments in the field of
communications.
9.
Considering the conditions necessary for
industrialization to occur, how well equipped is the
undeveloped world for becoming industrialized? Are
modern undeveloped nations in a better or worse
position than 18th- and 19th-century England?

40. Industrialization: Section 2

European cities go through a
period of urbanization because
of the factory system
This caused living conditions to
be terrible
Sickness was widespread
(cholera)
Average worker spent 14hours,
6days
Dangerous industry-coal mines

41.

42. Class Tension

New money-factory owners, shippers,
and merchants became middle class
Upper-doctors, lawyers
Lower-factory overseers
Working class-machines replaced them
Luddites-destroyed machines in factories
and rioted

43. Hey, some good things 

Hey, some good things
Created jobs
Money!
Increased production of goods
Hope of improvement
Expanded educational opportunities
Took a while for everybody but
eventually conditions improved in the
work place

44. Bell Work January 15, 2014

What early industries mechanized in the
United States?
Why did Belgium lead Europe in
adopting industrialization?
How did the Industrial Revolution shift
the world balance of power?

45. Industrialization Spreads Section: 3

Samuel Slater- built a spinning machine from
memory in U.S.
Francis Lowell-mechanized every stage of
manufactured cloth in U.S.
Women flocked to mill jobs
U.S. went through Industrialization in late
1800s
Resources, inventions, swelling population
were contributors
Railroads played a major role

46. Corporations

Entrepreneurs sold shares of stock or
rights of ownership
These businesses became corporations
Gives the ability to raise large amounts
of capital
Standard Oil
Carnegie Steel

47. Europe Industrializes

William Cockerill made his way to
Belgium, his son built large industry
there
Germany had pockets of industry
Imported British engineers and build
railways
Regions in Europe began to
Industrialize (ex. Northern Italy-textile)
Social structure and geography halted it
elsewhere

48. Impact

Industrialized countries exploited
overseas markets for resources
Imperialism was born
Gave Europe great power
Developed a middle class
Created a movement for social reform

49. Philosophers: Section 4

Adam Smith believed
in the term laissez
faire
Policy of letting owner
of industry and
business set working
conditions without
interference
Wrote about in The
Wealth of Nations

50. Philosophers

Capitalism-economic system in which the
factors of production are privately owned and
money is invested in business ventures to
make a profit
Malthus -An Essay on the Principle of
Population epidemics and wars are necessary
Ricardo- Principles of Political Economy and
Taxation-a permanent underclass

51. Philosophers

Jeremy Bentham-utilitarianism-people should
judge things based on their usefulness
Individuals should be free to pursue interests
without interference of the state
Questioned unregulated capitalism
Pushed for reforms
Utopian leaders-Robert Owen-improved
working conditions, attempted to create
Utopia in Indiana

52. Philosophers

French Reformers
Charles Fourier and Saint-Simon
Socialism-factors of production are
owned by the public and operate for the
welfare of all

53. Philosophers

Karl Marx and Freidrich
Engels
The Communist
Manifesto
Middle class “haves” or
bourgeoisie
“have nots” workers or
proletariats
Predicted that the
workers would
overthrow owners

54. Marx

Marx believed factories would drive
small businesses out, leaving anumber
of manufacturers to control all wealth
Proletariat would revolt and a classless
society would develop
Called communism
All good would be shared equally

55. Reforms

Workers joined
together to form
unions
Engaged in bargaining
with employers if
refused workers would
strike
Britain-Combination
Acts outlawed unions
but were repealed in
1824
1886- U.S.- American
Federation of Labor
led successful strikes

56. Reforms

Factory Act of 1833-illegal to hire
children under 9
Could not work more than 8 hours a day
1842- Mines Act prevented women and
children from working underground
1847- limited workday to 10 hours

57. Reform Movement

William Wilberforce was influential in getting
the slave to end in Britain in 1833
US-1865-Puerto Rico-1873-Brazil-1888
Women activists met at the International
Council for Women in 1888.
Horace Mann-advocated for free public
education
Alexis de Tocqueville sought to reform the
conditions in prison