Infertility

1.

INFERTILIT
Y
B Y: C H A P L I A A D R I A N A

2.

1.What is infertility?
2.Types of infertility
3.Statistics
Plan:
4.Risk factors
5. Causes of female infertility
6. Causes of male infertility
7. Treatment

3.

New words:
Infertility ɪnfɚˈtɪləti безпліддя
conceive kənˈsiv зачати
reproductive ˌriːprəˈdʌktɪv репродуктивний
disorder dɪsˈɔːdə розлад
cystic ˈsɪstɪk кістозний
obstruction əbˈstrʌkʃᵊn закупорка
ejection iˈʤɛkʃᵊn викид
injury ˈɪnʤəri травма
fibroid ˈfaɪbrɔɪd міома
scar tissue skɑː ˈtɪʃuː рубцева тканина

4.

Definitions:
• Infertility is when a couple
cannot get pregnant
(conceive) despite having
regular unprotected sex.

5.

Types of infertility
include:
Primary infertility: You’ve never
been pregnant and can’t
conceive after one year (or six
months if you’re 35 or older) of
regular, unprotected sexual
intercourse.
● Secondary infertility: You can’t
get pregnant again after having at
least one successful pregnancy.
● Unexplained infertility: Fertility
testing hasn’t found a reason that
a person or couple is unable to
get pregnant.

6.

• Infertility affects approximately 15% of
couples of reproductive age. In recent
years, there has been an increasing
demand of infertility services.The
origin of infertility is similarly due to
male or female factors; the causes are
multiple. Female factors account for
32% of infertility. Male factors account
for 18.8% of infertility. Male and
female factors combined cause 18.5%
of fertility. The etiology is unknown in
11.1%, and other causes are identified
in 5.6%.

7.

Risk factors
include:
age – fertility declines with age
weight – being overweight or obese (having a
BMI of 30 or over) reduces fertility; in women,
being overweight or severely underweight can
affect ovulation
sexually transmitted infections (STIs) – several
STIs, including chlamydia, can affect fertility
smoking – can affect fertility: smoking (including
passive smoking) affects your chance of
conceiving and can reduce semen quality; read
more about quitting smoking
alcohol – the safest approach is not to drink
alcohol at all to keep risks to your baby to a
minimum. Drinking too much alcohol can also
affect the quality of sperm (the chief medical
officers for the UK recommend adults should
drink no more than 14 units of alcohol a week,
which should be spread evenly over 3 days or
more)
environmental factors – exposure to certain
pesticides, solvents and metals has been
shown to affect fertility, particularly in men
stress – can affect your relationship with your
partner and cause a loss of sex drive; in severe
cases, stress may also affect ovulation and
sperm production

8.

In the
female
reproductive
system,
infertility
may be
caused by:
tubal disorders such as blocked fallopian tubes, which are in
turn caused by untreated sexually transmitted infections (STIs)
or complications of unsafe abortion, postpartum sepsis or
abdominal/pelvic surgery;
uterine disorders which could be inflammatory in nature (such
as such endometriosis), congenital in nature (such as septate
uterus), or benign in nature (such as fibroids);
disorders of the ovaries, such as polycystic ovarian syndrome
and other follicular disorders;
disorders of the endocrine system causing imbalances of
reproductive hormones. The endocrine system includes
hypothalamus and the pituitary glands. Examples of common
disorders affecting this system include pituitary cancers and
hypopituitarism.

9.

In the male
reproductive
system,
infertility
may be
caused by:
obstruction of the reproductive tract causing dysfunctionalities
in the ejection of semen. This blockage can occur in the tubes
that carry semen (such as ejaculatory ducts and seminal
vesicles). Blockages are commonly due to injuries or infections
of the genital tract.
hormonal disorders leading to abnormalities in hormones
produced by the pituitary gland, hypothalamus and testicles.
Hormones such as testosterone regulate sperm production.
Example of disorders that result in hormonal imbalance include
pituitary or testicular cancers.
testicular failure to produce sperm, for example due to
varicoceles or medical treatments that impair sperm-producing
cells (such as chemotherapy).
abnormal sperm function and quality. Conditions or situations
that cause abnormal shape (morphology) and movement
(motility) of the sperm negatively affect fertility. For example,
the use of anabolic steroids can cause abnormal semen
parameters such sperm count and shape

10.

Infertility treatment
for women
Lifestyle modification: Gaining or
losing weight, stopping smoking or
using drugs, and improving other
health conditions can improve your
chance of pregnancy.
Medications: Fertility drugs
stimulate your ovaries to ovulate
more eggs, which increases your
chance of getting pregnant.
Surgery: Surgery can open blocked
fallopian tubes and remove polyps,
fibroids or scar tissue.

11.

Medications: Medications can
raise testosterone or other
hormone levels. There are also
drugs for erectile dysfunction to
help you maintain an erection
during sex.
Infertility
treatment
for men
Surgery: Some men need surgery
to open blockages in the tubes that
carry sperm or to repair structural
problems. Varicocele surgery can
make sperm healthier and improve
the odds of conception.

12.

Sources:
https://my.clevelandclinic.org/he
alth/diseases/16083-infertility
https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/i
nfertility/
https://www.who.int/newsroom/fact-sheets/detail/infertility
Professional English: Medicine
p.526

13.

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