Epistemology problems new age philosophy (XVII-XVIII)

1. Epistemology problems New Age Philosophy (XVII-XVIII)

by Spitsa N.V.

2.

Historical
conditions
• Development of
capitalism;
• Social
revolutions;
• Weakness of
influence of
church.
Specific
• Philosophy start
to base on
science;
• Problem of
perception
became primary;
• Struggle between
empiricism and
rationalism.

3.

EMPIRICISM
RATIONALISM
• “empirio”- Lat.
experience
• The one source of knowledge is
experience, when all
surrounding world influences
our senses (sensualism)
• “ratio” – Lat. Mind
• Real knowledge possible only
from reason (mind), not from
experience
• Existing of’ “inborn ideas”,
from which logically all
knowledge can be taken out.
Francis Bacon
Thomas Hobbes
John Locke
George Berkley
David Hume
• Rene Des Cartes
• Baruch B. Spinoza
• Wilhelm Leibniz

4. Key word:

• Cognition –
totality of processes & methods of
discovering knowledge about
phenomena & regularities (rules) of
objective world

5.

Deduction – process of logical conclusion
from general to particular
Induction – conclusion from particular
to general .

6.

George
Berkley
(16851753)
John Locke
(1632-1704)
Thomas
Hobbes
(1588-1679)

7.

Rene Des
Cartes
(1596-1650)
Baruch B.
Spinoza
(1632-1677)
Wilhelm Leibniz
(1646-1716)

8.

!
?
Francis Bacon
Real knowledge is based on sensual experience.
Where is from the false knowledge?
False knowledge is the results of:
Hurried & too general conclusions
Speculative thinking without empirical
experience
Specific mistakes of thinking (idols)

9.

Idols of
Cognition
Idols of Kin
Idols of Cave
Idols of
Marketplace
Idols of
Theatre

10.

Ways of acquiring knowledge

11.

John Locke
Tabula rasa
There is nothing in the
mind which was not
present in our senses
before.
Ideas of person
Simple
Complicated

12.

Simple idea
Forming of complex
ideas:
1. combination.
2. comparison.
3. abstracting.
Error probable
Can`t be false

13.

David Hume
We have no any reason to think
that phenomenon A is a reason
of phenomenon B, only because
we observed many times that B
comes after A.
1711-1766

14.

Classical rationalism
– real knowledge can be derived only from the
pure reason, not from sensual experience.

15.

Rene Des Cartes
Method of cognition
1. Truth to be considered the thing
which don’t give rise to doubts.
2. To divide all complicated
problems on the simple ones.
3. To come from known to
unknown? From simple to more
complicated.
4. To involve everything in logical
chains of research.
«Cogito ergo sum» —
«Think, then, exist»

16. Science system according Des Cartes

All another sciences
physics
metaphysics

17. ONTOLOGY

- studies about being, first bases and structures
of reality
• SUBSTANCE – primary bases of being; existing in
itself, doesn’t need anything else for its explanation

18. Thank you!

by Natalya
Spitsa