Population. By Nadagouda Aditya Chidambar

1. Population

By
Nadagouda Aditya Chidambar
Submitted to
PhD. Anna Zhukova

2. What Is Population

A p o p u l a t i o n is all t h e o rg a n i s m s t h a t b o t h
b e l o n g t o t h e s a m e g ro u p o r species a n d l i v e i n
t h e s a m e g e o g r a p h i c a l a re a . I n e c o l o g y t h e
p o p u l a t i o n o f a c e r t a i n species i n a c e r t a i n a r e a
is e s t i m a t e d u s i n g t h e L i n c o l n I n d e x . T h e a r e a
t h a t is u s e d t o d e f i n e a s e x u a l p o p u l a t i o n is
s u c h t h a t i n t e r - b re e d i n g is possible b e t w e e n a n y
p a i r w i t h i n t h e a r e a a n d m o r e p ro b a b l e t h a n
c ro s s - b re e d i n g w i t h i n d i v i d u a l s f r o m o t h e r
a re a s . N o r m a l l y b re e d i n g is s u b s t a n t i a l l y m o r e
c o m m o n w i t h i n t h e a r e a t h a n a c ro s s t h e b o rd e r.
I n sociology, p o p u l a t i o n re f e r s t o a c ol l e c t i on
of h u m a n be i ngs. D e m o g r a p h y is a social
s c i e n c e w h i c h e n t a i l s t h e s t a t i s t i c a l s t u d y of
h u m a n p o p u l a t i o n s . T h i s a r t i c l e re f e r s m a i n l y
to h u m a n population.

3. India’s share of worlds population

4. Population Distribution by Density

Population distribution in India shows wide variation.
U t t a r P r a d e s h is t h e m o s t p o p u l o u s s t a t e i n I n d i a w i t h a
p o p u l a t i o n o f m o r e t h a n 166 m i l l i o n , w h i c h is m o r e t h a n
t h e p o p u l a t i o n of India, t h e s i x t h m o s t populous c o u n t r y i n
t h e world. N i n e t e e n states of I n d i a h a v e a p o p u l a t i o n of
o v e r t e n million. On t h e o th er h a n d t h e re a re eight states
a n d union territories in the co u n t r y t h a t h a ve a
p o p u l a t i o n o f less t h a n o n e m i l l i o n . A l m o s t h a l f o f I n d i a ' s
p o p u la tio n lives i n f i v e states, n a m e l y, U t t a r Pradesh,
M a h a r a s h t r a , B i h a r, We s t B e n g a l , a n d A n d h r a P r a d e s h .

5. Population growth in India

•Indi a’s p o p u l a t i o n g r o w t h r a t e h a s d e c e l e r a t e d t o
17.64 p e r c e n t i n t h e d e c a d e 2001-11, t h e s l o w e s t r a t e
of g r o w t h t h i s p a s t c e n t u r y, a c c o rd i n g t o t h e f i r s t
re s u l t s o f C e n s u s 2011 p u t o u t b y t h e re g i s t r a r - g e n e r a l
of census.
•Indi a’s p o p u l a t i o n i n 2011 is e s t i m a t e d t o b e 1.21
billion, c o m p r i s i n g 6 2 4 m i l l i o n m a l e s a n d 587 m i l l i o n
females. W h i l e the gender imbalance i n population
re m a i n s , t h e p r e l i m i n a r y c e n s u s f i g u re s s h o w t h a t
Indi a’s f e m a l e p o p u l a t i o n g r e w b y 18.12 p e r c e n t o v e r
t h e p a s t d e c a d e a g a i n s t 17.19 p e r c e n t f o r m a l e s .
•Indi a’s l i t e r a c y r a t e h a s g o n e u p f r o m 64.83 p e r c e n t
i n 2001 t o 7 4 . 0 4 p e r c e n t i n 2011. L i t e r a t e s c o n s t i t u t e
74 p e r c e n t of t h e t o t a l p o p u l a t i o n a g e d s e v e n a n d
a b o v e . T h e s e x - r a t i o , t h a t is n u m b e r of f e m a l e s p e r
1,000 m a l e s , h a s i m p r o v e d t o 9 4 0 f r o m 933 a d e c a d e
ago.

6. Population Growth Rate in India

7. Population growth by country

Rank
Country
Population
(thousand
s) 2010
Population
(thousand
s) 1990
Growth
(%)
19902010
World
6,895,889
5,306,425
30.0%
1
China
1,341,335
1,145,195
17.1%
2
India
1,224,614
873,785
40.2%
3
United States
310,384
253,339
22.5%
4
Indonesia
239,871
184,346
30.1%
5
Brazil
194,946
149,650
30.3%
6
Pakistan
173,593
111,845
55.3%
7
Nigeria
158,423
97,552
62.4%
8
Bangladesh
148,692
105,256
41.3%
9
Russia
142,958
148,244
-3.6%
10
Japan
126,536
122,251
3.5%

8. What is Birth rate?

C r u d e b i r t h r a t e is t h e n a t i v i t y o r c h i l d b i r t h s p e r
1,000 p e o p l e p e r y e a r (i n e s t i m a t i o n r e v i e w
poi nt s). A n o t h e r w o r d u s e d i n t e r c h a n g e a b l y w i t h
" b i r t h r a t e " is " n a t a l i t y " . W h e n t h e c r u d e d e a t h
r a t e is s u b t r a c t e d f r o m t h e c r u d e b i r t h r a t e , i t
re v e a l s t h e r a t e of n a t u r a l i n c re a s e ( R N I ) . T h i s
n u m b e r is e q u a l t o t h e r a t e of p o p u l a t i o n c h a n g e
( n o t f a c t o r i n g i n m i g r a t i o n ) . I t is i m p o r t a n t t o
distinguish between a total or crude birth rate,
w h i c h use s all b i r t h s , t y p i c a l l y i n d i c a t e d a s b i r t h s
p e r 1000, v e r s u s a n a g e - spe c i f i c r a t e w h i c h is
t y p i c a l l y i n d i c a t e d a s t h e n u m b e r of b i r t h s p e r
1 0 0 0 p e r s o n s i n t h i s a g e g ro u p . T h e f i r s t k n o w n
u s e of t h e t e r m " b i r t h r a t e " i n t h e E n g l i s h
l a n g u a g e w a s i n 1859. T h e b i r t h r a t e is t y p i c a l l y
t h e m a i n v a r i a b l e i n asse ssi ng t h e r a t e of
popul at i on g ro w t h .

9. Birth Rate In India

10. What is Death Rate?

M o r t a l i t y r a t e is a m e a s u r e o f t h e n u m b e r
of d e a t h s (i n g e n e r a l , o r d u e t o a s p e c i f i c c a u s e ) i n a
population, scaled to t h e size of t h a t population, p e r
u n i t t i m e . M o r t a l i t y r a t e is t y p i c a l l y e x p re s s e d i n
u n i t s of d e a t h s p e r 1000 i n d i v i d u a l s p e r year; thus, a
m o r t a l i t y r a t e of 9.5 i n a p o p u l a t i o n of 1 0 0 , 0 0 0
w o u l d m e a n 9 5 0 d e a t h s p e r y e a r i n t h a t e n t i re
p o p u l a t i o n , o r 0.95% o u t of t h e t o t a l . I t is d i s t i n c t
f r o m m o r b i d i t y r a t e , w h i c h re f e r s t o t h e n u m b e r of
individuals in poor health d u r i n g a giv e n t i m e
p e r i o d ( t h e p re v a l e n c e r a t e ) o r t h e n u m b e r of n e w l y
a p p e a r i n g cases of t h e di se ase p e r u n i t of t i m e
( i n c i d e n c e r a t e ). T h e t e r m " m o r t a l i t y " is also
s o m e t i m e s i n a p p r o p r i a t e l y u s e d t o re f e r t o t h e
n u m b e r of d e a t h s a m o n g a s e t of d i a g n o s e d h o s p i t a l
cases f o r a di se ase o r i n j u r y, r a t h e r t h a n f o r t h e
g e n e r a l p o p u l a t i o n o f a c o u n t r y o r e t h n i c g ro u p .
T h i s dise ase m o r t a l i t y s t a t i s t i c is m o r e p re c i s e l y
re f e r re d t o a s "case f a t a l i t y " .

11. Child Mortality Rate

12. Age Composition In India

13. Age Composition

•Children :- T h e y a r e e c o n o m i c a l l y
u n p ro d u c t i v e a n d n eed to be p ro v i d e d w i t h
food, c l o t h i n g , e d u c a t i o n a n d m e d i c a l c a re .
•Working Age :- T h e y a r e e c o n o m i c a l l y
p r o d u c t i v e a n d b i o l o g i ca ll y r e p r o d u c t i v e .
T h e y comprise the wo r k in g population.
•Aged :- T h e y a r e e c o n o m i c a l l y p r o d u c t i v e
t h o u g h t h e y a n d m a y h a v e re t i re d . T h e y m a y
be w o r k i n g v o l u n t a r i l y b u t t h e y a re n o t
available for e m p l o y m e n t th ro u g h
re c r u itm e n t.

14. Sex Ratio

S e x r a t i o is t h e r a t i o o f m a l e s t o f e m a l e s i n
a p o p u l a t i o n . T h e p r i m a r y s e x r a t i o is t h e r a t i o a t
t h e t i m e of c o n c e p t i o n , s e c o n d a r y s e x r a t i o is t h e
r a t i o a t t i m e o f b i r t h , a n d t e r t i a r y s e x r a t i o is t h e
r a t i o of m a t u r e o rg a n i s m s .
T h e h u m a n s e x r a t i o is o f p a r t i c u l a r i n t e re s t t o
a n t h ro p o l o g i s t s a n d d e m o g r a p h e r s . I n h u m a n s t h e
s e c o n d a r y s e x r a t i o is c o m m o n l y a s s u m e d t o b e
105 b o y s t o 100girls ( w h i c h s o m e t i m e s is s h o r t e n e d t o
"a r a t i o of 105"). I n h u m a n societies, h o w e v e r, s e x
ratios a t b i rt h m a y be considerably s k e w e d b y
factors such as t h e age of m o t h e r a t birth, a n d
b y sex-selective abort i on a n d infanticide. T he C I A
estimates t h a t the c u r re n t wo rl d w i d e sex ratio at
b i r t h is 107 b o y s t o 100 girls. I n 2010, t h e global s e x
r a t i o w a s 9 8 6 f e m a l e s p e r 1,000 m a l e s a n d t r e n d e d
t o re d u c e t o 9 8 4 i n 2011.

15. Sex ratio In India

16. What Is Literacy

Literacy has been described as the ability to re a d for
k n o w l e d g e a n d w r i t e c o h e re n t l y a n d t h i n k c r i t i c a l l y a b o u t
t h e w r i t t e n w o r d . L i t e r a c y c a n also i n c l u d e t h e a b i l i t y t o
u n d e r s t a n d all f o r m s o f c o m m u n i c a t i o n , b e i t b o d y
l a n g u a g e , p i c t u re s , v i d e o & s o u n d ( re a d i n g , s p e a k i n g ,
listening a n d viewing) . E v o l v i n g d efin itio n s of l i t e r a c y
o f t e n i n c l u d e all t h e s y m b o l s y s t e m s r e l e v a n t t o a
p a r t i c u l a r c o m m u n i t y. L i t e r a c y encompasses a c o m p l e x set
of abilities to u n d e r s t a n d a n d use t h e d o m i n a n t s y m b o l
s y s t e m s of a c u l t u re for personal a n d c o m m u n i t y
d e v e l o p m e n t . I n a t e c h n o l o g i c a l s o c i e t y, t h e c o n c e p t o f
l i t e r a c y is e x p a n d i n g t o i n c l u d e t h e m e d i a a n d e l e c t ro n i c
t e x t , i n a d d itio n to alphabetic a n d n u m b e r systems. These
a b i l i t i e s v a r y i n d i f f e r e n t social a n d c u l t u r a l c o n t e x t s
a c c o rd i n g t o n e e d a n d d e m a n d . W i t h i n a h i g h l y i d e a l i s t
m o d e r n c o n t e x t , i n d i v i d u a l s m u s t be g i v e n lifelong
opportunities to m o v e along a c o n t i n u u m t h a t includes the
re a d i n g , a n d w r i t i n g , c r i t i c a l u n d e r s t a n d i n g a n d d ecisio n m a k i n g abilities t h e y n e e d i n t h e i r c o m m u n i t y. I n a n
historical co n text, literacy has a l w a y s been a difficult
p ro b l e m f o r w o r l d ' s peoples, a s m e a s u r e d t h r o u g h t h e
centuries.

17. Literacy Rate In India

L i t e r a c y i n I n d i a is k e y f o r s o c i o - e c o n o m i c
p ro g re s s , a n d t h e I n d i a n l i t e r a c y r a t e g r e w t o
75.06% i n 2011 f r o m 12% a t t h e e n d o f B r i t i s h
r u l e i n 1947. A l t h o u g h t h i s w a s a g r e a t e r
t h a n s i x f o l d i m p r o v e m e n t , t h e l e v e l is w e l l
below t h e w o r l d a v e r a g e literacy r a t e of
84%, a n d I n d i a c u r r e n t l y h a s t h e
l a rg e s t i l l i t e r a t e p o p u l a t i o n o f a n y n a t i o n o n
e a r t h . D esp ite g o v e r n m e n t p ro g r a m s , India's
l i t e r a c y r a t e i n c re a s e d o n l y "sluggishly," a n d
a 1990 s t u d y e s t i m a t e d t h a t i t w o u l d t a k e
until 2060 for India to achieve universal
l i t e r a c y a t t h e n - c u r r e n t r a t e o f p ro g re s s . T h e
2011 c e n s u s , h o w e v e r, i n d i c a t e d a 2001-2011
d e c a d a l l i t e r a c y g r o w t h o f 9.2%, w h i c h is t h e
slower t h a n t h e g ro w t h seen d u r i n g t h e
p re v i o u s decade.

18. Literacy Rate In India

19. Adolescent Population In India

•I n d i a h a s t h e l a rg e s t p o p u l a t i o n o f a d o l e s c e n t s
i n t h e w o r l d b e i n g h o m e t o 243 m i l l i o n
i n d i v i d u a l s a g e d 10-19 y e a r s , A s s a m g o v e r n o r
J B P a t n a i k said o n S a t u rd a y. Releasing t h e
U N I C E F ' s f l a g s h i p ` T h e S t a t e o f t h e Wo r l d ' s
C h i l d re n ' r e p o r t a t t h e R a j B h a v a n i n
G u w a h a t i , P a t n a i k said, t h e
•c o u n t r y ' s a d o l e s c e n t s c o n s t i t u t e d 2 0 p e r c e n t
o f t h e w o r l d ' s 1.2 b i l li o n a d o l e s c e n t s .
•S t a t i n g n i n e o u t o f t e n a m o n g t h e 1.2 b illio n
adolescents live i n t h e developing world, t h e
g o v e r n o r said, A s s a m w a s h o m e to a n
e s t i m a t e d 6.5 m i l l i o n a d o l e s c e n t s , c o m p r i s i n g
21.3 p e r c e n t o f t h e s t a te ' s p o p u l a t i o n .

20. National Population Policy

The N a t i o n a l Population Policy (NPP) hopes to
a d d re s s t h e u n m e t n e e d f o r c o n t r a c e p t i o n , a n d
p r o v i d e h e a l t h i n f r a s t r u c t u re , p e r s o n n e l a n d
i n t e g r a t e d service d e l i v e r y for basic re p ro d u c t i v e
a n d child health, bring the total fertility rate to
r e p l a c e m e n t l e v e l b y 2010, a n d a c h i e v e a s t a b l e
p o p u l a t i o n b y 2045. B e s i d e s m o r e g e n e r a l d i re c t i v e s
s u c h a s m a k i n g school e d u c a t i o n f re e a n d
c o m p u l so ry a n d p ro m o t i n g delayed m a r r i a g e for
girls, t h e p o l i c y a d v o c a t e s a n “ i n t e g r a t e d p a c k a g e
of e s s e n t i a l services”, w h i c h s e e m s t o c o n s i s t o f
p ro v i d i n g contraceptives, t re a t i n g some
re p ro d u c t i v e infections a n d i m p l e m e n t i n g some
c o m m u n i c a b l e disease p ro g r a m m e s . Shortfalls i n
t h e g o v e r n m e n t ’s s e r v i c e s a r e t o b e m a d e u p b y
i n v o l v i n g t h e v o l u n t a r y a n d p r i v a t e se c t ors.