English Vocabulary in ME period. Loan words in English

1. English Vocabulary in ME period. Loan words in English.

By Bazarbek Yerkezhan

2. Plan:

1.Dialects in early and late ME periods.
2.Evolution of English after Norman Conquest.
3.Vocabulary in ME period.
4.Loan words in Me period.

3.

• An analysis of the vocabulary in the Middle
English period shows great instability and
constant and rapid change. Many words
became obsolete, and if preserved, then only
in some dialects; many more appeared in the
rapidly developing language to reflect the
ever-changing life of the speakers and under
the influence of contacts with other nations

4.

• The principal means of enriching vocabulary in
Middle English are not internal, but external borrowings.

5.

• Two languages in succession enriched the
vocabulary of the English language of the time
- the Scandinavian language and the French
language, the nature of the borrowings and
their amount reflecting the conditions of the
contacts between the English and these
languages.

6. Due to contacts between the Scandinavians and the English-speaking people many words were borrowed from the Scandinavian

Scandinavians and the Englishspeaking people many words were
borrowed from the Scandinavian
language, for example:

7.

• Nouns:
• law, fellow, sky, skirt, skill, skin, egg, anger, awe, bloom,
knife, root, bull, cake, husband, leg, wing, guest, loan,
race
• Adjectives:
• big, week, wrong, ugly, twin
• Verbs:
• call, cast, take, happen, scare, hail, want, bask, gape,
kindle
• Pronouns:
• they, them, their; and many others.

8.

• Sometimes an English word and its
Scandinavian doublet were the same in
meaning but slightly different phonetically,
and the phonetic form of the Scandinavian
borrowing is preserved in the English
language, having ousted the English
counterpart.

9.

• For example, Modern English to give, to get
come from the Scandinavian gefa, geta,

10.

• The Norman conquest and the subsequent
history of the country left deep traces in the
English language, mainly in the form of
borrowings in words connected with such
spheres of social and political activity where
French-speaking Normans had occupied for a
long time all places of importance.

11.

For example:
- government and legislature:
government, noble, baron, prince, duke, court, justice, judge, crime, prison, condemn, sentence,
parliament, etc.
- military life:
army, battle, peace, banner, victory, general, colonel, lieutenant, major, etc.
- religion:
religion, sermon, pray, saint, charity
- city crafts:
painter, tailor, carpenter (but country occupations remained English: shepherd, smith)
- pleasure and entertainment:
music, art, feast, pleasure, leisure, supper, dinner, pork, beef, mutton (but the corresponding names
of domestic animals remained English: pig, cow, sheep)
- words of everyday life:
air, place, river, large, age, boil, branch, brush, catch, chain, chair, table, choice, cry, cost
- relationship:
aunt, uncle, nephew, cousin.

12.

13.

14. Literature

• 1. Расторгуева Т. А. История английского
языка М., 2003
• 2. Ильиш Б. А. История английского языка
Л., 1972
• 3. Иванова И. П. и др. История английского
языка СМб – 1999
• 4. Аракин В. Д. История английского языка
М., 2003