Perfect vocabulary for essay

1. Perfect vocabulary for essay by @perfectionnement

For pre-intermediate, intermediate and upper-intermediate students

2. Contents

Family and marriage
Relations
Emotions
City and countryside
Buying and selling
Transport
Traditions and holidays
Healthy lifestyle
Games and hobbies
Learning
Gap year
Technology
Space development
Global problems

3. Family and marriage

A family is a group of people that have a common ancestor. They
usually live together in the same house. Although it is a fact that
not all families are the same, they can be categorized into
different types.
A nuclear family consists of parents and their children living
together. In many countries in Europe and North American this is
the most common form of family. There are three types of nuclear
families. In the first type the father works and the mother cares
for the children. In the second type, the mother works and the
father stays at home with the children. In the third type of family,
both parents work. This last type of family is the most common in
the USA and Canada.
In an extended family, different family members such as
grandparents, aunts, uncles and cousins live together. In many
areas of the world, such as Asia, the Middle East, Africa, Latin
America, and Southern Europe, this type of family is common.
Recently in some countries, couples are choosing to have only one
child. These types of families are called single child families. Some
people believe that children raised in these kinds of families are
spoilt, selfish and lonely. But research doesn’t support this.
Some families have no children at all. The couples that
make up these families sometimes make the choice
not to have children because they want to have more
free time. Some couples choose not to have children
for financial reasons.
Families with only one parent are called single parent
families. There are several causes of these types of
families. The first reason is divorce. Another reason is
that the one of the parent dies, leaving the surviving
parent widowed. Additionally, some parents never get
married in the first place.
When the husband or wife in a marriage brings
children with them from a past marriage, this is called
a blended or reconstituted family. This type of family
has become more common due to the increase in
divorces. For some children this kind of family can be
good because there are two parents, instead of just
one. But there can also be some difficulties as the two
new families try to become one.
As the basis of all societies, families of all types are
very important. This is true now and will be true in the
future as well.

4.

Words from the text
ancestor
nuclear family
extended family
single child family
spoilt (spoiled)
selfish
lonely
single parent family
divorce
widowed
blended or reconstituted family
предок
семья, состоящая из супругов и детей
большая семья
семья с одним ребенком
избалованный
эгоистичный
одинокий
семья, где один родитель
развод
овдовевший
семья с детьми от предыдущих браков

5.

WHO COMES FIRST?
A child's place in the family birth order
may play a role in the type of
occupations that will interest him or her
as an adult, new research suggests. In
two related studies, researchers found
that only children - and to a certain
extent first-born children - were more
interested in cognitive pursuits than
were later-born children. In contrast,
later-born children were more interested
in both artistic and outdoor-related
careers.
These results fit into theories that say
our place in the family birth order will
influence our personality, said Frederick
T.L. Leong, co-author of the study and
professor of psychology at Ohio State
University. "Parents typically place
different demands and have different
expectations of children depending on
their birth order," Leong said.
"For example, parents may be extremely protective of
only children and worry about their physical safety.
That may be why only children are more likely to show
interest in academic pursuits rather than physical or
outdoor activities. Only children will tend to get more
time and attention from their parents than children
with siblings. This will often make them feel special
but the downside is that they may suffer occasional
pangs of jealousy and loneliness when friends duscuss
their brothers and sisters and family life."
The first-born is an only child until the second child
comes along - transforming them from being the
centre of attention, to then sharing the care of
parents. Parents will also expect them to be
responsible and "set an example". The change from
being the focus of a family may be quite a shock and
so shape the first-born's subsequent outlook on life.
Therefore first-borns may try to get back their parents'
attention and approval by achieving success and
recognition in their careers. It has been noted that
first-borns are significantly more often found as world
political leaders than any other birth order position.

6.

"As they have more children,
parents tend to become more
open and relaxed and that may
allow younger children to be
more risk-taking," Leong said. "If
the first-born or only child wants
to be a poet, that may concern
parents. But by the fourth child,
parents may not mind as much."
Being the youngest in the family
can sometimes be a stifling and
frustrating experience, especially
if they are looking to be taken
seriously and treated like an
adult. The last-born is more likely
than the other birth order
positions to take up dangerous
sports. This may be a sign of the
last-born's rebellious streak - a
result of being fed up with always
being bossed about by everyone
else in the family.
Middle children, however, have different
issues. "Middle child syndrome" can
mean feeling sandwiched between two
other "more important" people - an older
sibling who gets all the rights and is
treated like an adult and a younger sibling
who gets all the privileges and is treated
like a spoilt child. Middle-borns tend to
get on with older and younger children,
and this may contribute to them becoming
good negotiators - of all the birth order
positions they are most skillful at dealing
with authority figures and those holding
inferior positions.
Leong said the biggest differences in the
study were between only children and
later-born children. "First-born children
are difficult to classify because they start
out as only children but later give up that
position. It may be that the length of time
a first-born child is an only child makes a
difference in his or her personality."

7.

Words from the text
family birth order
оccupation
only child
first-born child
later-born children
middle child
demand
expectation
extremely protective
to worry about
to get more time and
attention
siblings
to suffer occasional
pangs of jealousy and
loneliness
the centre of attention
порядок рождения
детей
профессия
единственный
ребенок
первый ребенок
последующие дети
средний ребенок
требование, запрос
ожидание
слишком
защищающий
беспокоиться
получать больше
времени и внимания
единокровные
братья или сестры
Иногда страдать
приступами ревности
и одиночества
центр внимания
the focus of a family
to set an example
to achieve success and
recognition in your
career
open and relaxed
risk-taking
сoncern
stifling and frustrating
experience
to treat like an adult
rebellious streak
to be bossed
"Middle child
syndrome"
to get all the rights
to get all the privileges
negotiator
to deal with authority
figures
inferior positions
центр семьи
показать пример
достичь успеха и
признания в своей
карьере
свободный и
расслабленный
идущий на риск
беспокойство
удушающее и
разочаровывающее
впечатление
обращаться как со
взрослым
склонность к мятежу
быть управляемым кемто
синдром среднего
ребенка
иметь все права
иметь все преимущества
посредник
обращаться с
высокопоставленными
людьми
низкие должности