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Lexical electronic databases
Lexical electronic databases Plan1.
Lexical databases and their design.2.
The notion of Semantic Net and Mental Lexicon3.
WordNet as an electronic conceptual thesaurus: structure, synsets, extensions 4.
ConceptNet 5.
FrameNet Lexical databases Electronic dictionaries (MRD) Electronic thesauri WordNet VerbNet Dante ConceptNet FrameNet MRDs Machine-readable dictionary (MRD ) is a dictionary stored as machine (computer) data instead of being printed on paper: the Merriam-Webster Seventh Collegiate (W7) the Merriam-Webster New Pocket Dictionary (MPD) Creating one’s own corpus The simplest way to determine the size of the corpus is to use Microsoft Word Editor , which yields the number of words in a text.
Another way to establish the size of the corpus and its frequency list is to use Web Frequency Indexer (University of Georgetown): www.georgetown.edu/faculty/ballc/webtools/web_freqs.html#doit.
Other freeware: Frequency: http://www.vuw.ac.ac.nz/lals/staff/paul-nation/nation.aspx Simple Concordance Program: http://textworld.com/scp/ AntConc: http://www.antlab.sci.waseda.ac.jp/ All these programs are user-friendly.
Other tools Commercial programs: Wordsmith Tools MonoConc To compare the frequencies in two or more corpora use the program Range by Paul Notion http://www.vuw.ac.ac.nz/lals/staff/paul-nation/nation.aspx To compare the frequencies in the small corpus and the BNC use the site: Word Frequencies in Written and Spoken English: based on the BNC (http://www.comp.lancs.ac.uk/ucrel/bncfreq/ Internet concordance tools WebCorp http://www.webcorp.org.uk/index.html WebConc http://www.niederlandistik.fu- berlin.de/cgi-bin/web- conc.cgi&sprache=en&art=google.
Lexware Culler http://82.182.103.45/lexware/concord/culler.html.
KwicFinder http://www.kwicfinder.com/KWiCFinder.html Glossanet http://glossa.fltr.ucl.ac.be/ Thesauri Think Map Visualthesaurus http://visualthesaurus.com/ WordNet 2.1 Vocabulary Helper http://poets/notredame.ac.jp/cgi-bin/wn WordNet WordNet is a large lexical database of English, en electronic thesaurus, developed under the direction of George A.
Miller [].
Its design is inspired by current psycholinguistic and computational theories of human lexical memory.
Nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs are grouped into sets of cognitive synonyms (synsets), each expressing a distinct concept.
Synsets are interlinked by means of conceptual- semantic and lexical relations.
The resulting network of meaningfully related words and concepts can be navigated with the browser .
WordNet is organized by the concept of synonym sets (synsets), groups of words that are roughly synonymous in a given context.
The glossary definition and the example sentences are shared among all synonyms in a given synset.
WordNet WordNet was created at the Cognitive Science Laboratory of Princeton Universirty under the direction of psychology professor George A.
Miller .
received funding from Development began in 1985.
As of 2009, the WordNet team included the following members of the Cognitive Science Laboratory: George Armitage Miller, Christiane Fellbaum , Randee Tengi, Pamela Wakefield, Helen Langone and Benjamin R.
Haskell.
As of November 2012 WordNet's latest Online-version is 3.1 but latest released version is 3.0 (released on December 2006) The 3.0 database contains 155,287 words organized in 117,659 synsets for a total of 206,941 word-sense pairs Most synonym sets are connected to other synsets via a number of semantic relations.
These relations vary based on the type of word, and include Nouns hypernyms:Y is a hypernym ofX if everyX is a (kind of)Y ( canine is a hypernym ofdog) hyponyms:Y is a hyponym ofX if everyY is a (kind of)X (dog is a hyponym of canine) coordinate terms:Y is a coordinate term ofX ifX andY share a hypernym ( wolf is a coordinate termofdog , anddog is a coordinate term of wolf) meronym:Y is a meronym ofX ifY is a part ofX ( window is a meronym of building) holonym:Y is a holonym ofX ifX is a part ofY ( building is a holonym of window) Verbs hypernym : the verbY is a hypernym of the verbX if the activityX is a (kind of)Y ( to perceive is an hypernym of to listen) troponym : the verbY is a troponym of the verbX if the activityY is doingX in some manner ( to lisp is a troponym of to talk) entailment : the verbY is entailed byX if by doingX you must be doingY ( to sleep is entailed byto snore) coordinate terms : those verbs sharing a common hypernym ( to lisp and to yell) Adjectives related nouns similar to participle of verb Adverbs root adjectives WordNet 3.0 Vocabulary Helper: know Contents Overview of noun know Overview of verb know Synonyms/Hypernyms (Ordered by Estimated Frequency) of noun know Coordinate Terms (sisters) of noun know Antonyms of verb know Troponyms (hyponyms) of verb know Synonyms/Hypernyms (Ordered by Estimated Frequency) of verb know Derived Forms of verb know Sample Sentences of verb know Coordinate Terms (sisters) of verb know WordNet Search - 3.1 Noun S: (n) know (the fact of being aware of information that is known to few people) "he is always in the know" Verb S: (v) know, cognize, cognise (be cognizant or aware of a fact or a specific piece of information;
possess knowledge or information about) "I know that the President lied to the people";
"I want to know who is winning the game!";
"I know it's time" S: (v) know (know how to do or perform something) "She knows how to knit";
"Does your husband know how to cook?" S: (v) know (be aware of the truth of something;
have a belief or faith in something;
regard as true beyond any doubt) "I know that I left the key on the table";
"Galileo knew that the earth moves around the sun" S: (v) know (be familiar or acquainted with a person or an object) "She doesn't know this composer";
"Do you know my sister?";
"We know this movie";
"I know him under a different name";
"This flower is known as a Peruvian Lily" S: (v) know, experience, live (have firsthand knowledge of states, situations, emotions, or sensations)"I know the feeling!";
"have you ever known hunger?";
"I have lived a kind of hell when I was a drug addict";
"The holocaust survivors have lived a nightmare";
"I lived through two divorces" S: (v) acknowledge, recognize, recognise, know (accept (someone) to be what is claimed or accept his power and authority) "The Crown Prince was acknowledged as the true heir to the throne";
"We do not recognize your gods" S: (v) know (have fixed in the mind) "I know Latin";
"This student knows her irregular verbs";
"Do you know the poem well enough to recite it?" S: (v) sleep together, rollinthehay, love, makeout, make love, sleep with,get laid, havesex, know,doit,be intimate, have intercourse, haveit away, haveitoff, screw, fuck, jazz,eff, hump,lie with,bed, have agoatit, bang,getiton, bonk (have sexual intercourse with) "This student sleeps with everyone in her dorm";
"Adam knew Eve";
"Were you ever intimate with this man?" S: (v) know (know the nature or character of) "we all knew her as a big show-off" S: (v) know (be able to distinguish, recognize as being different) "The child knows right from wrong" S: (v) know (perceive as familiar) "I know this voice!" ConceptNet ConceptNet is a multilingual semantic network containing lots of things computers should know about the world, especially when understanding text written by people.
It is built from nodes representing concepts , in the form of words or short phrases of natural language, and labeled relationships between them.
Concept PRIVACY person Desires privacy people often want privacy shower door UsedFor privacy a shower door is used for privacy cubicle UsedFor privacy a cubicle is used for privacy dress room UsedFor privacy a dressing room is for privacy bosomIsA privacy privacyIsA isolation view film at home MotivatedByGoal privacy You would view a filmat home because you want privacy hideIsA privacy confidentialityIsA privacy back yard UsedFor privacy a back yard is for privacy curtain UsedFor privacy a curtain is for privacy secret DerivedFrom privacy FrameNet The FrameNet project is building a lexical database of English that is both human- and machine-readable, based on annotating examples of how words are used in actual texts.
From the student's point of view, it is a dictionary of more than 10,000 word senses, most of them with annotated examples that show the meaning and usage.
For the researcher in Natural Language Processing, the more than 170,000 manually annotated sentences provide a unique training dataset for semantic role labeling, used in applications such as information extraction, machine translation, event recognition, sentiment analysis, etc.
The project has been in operation atthe International Computer Science Institute in Berkeley since 1997, supported primarily by the National Science Foundation..
FrameNet is based on a theory of meaning called Frame Semantics , deriving from the work of Charles J.
Fillmore.
that the meanings of most words can best be understood on the basis of a semantic frame: a description of a type of event, relation, or entity and the participants in it.
Frame “ Awareness” Definition: A Cognizer has a piece of Content in their model of the world.
The Content is not necessarily present due to immediate perception, but usually, rather, due to deduction from perceivables.
In some cases, the deduction of the Content is implicitly based on confidence in sources of information (believe), in some cases based on logic (think), and in other cases the source of the deduction is deprofiled (know).
Your boss is aware of your commitment.
ConclusionT he purpose of lexical databases is to register and document a range of vocabulary, to serve as an inventory for a language and its dialects, as a source for learning or teaching sign language, as a reference base for analyzing and
Lexical databases and their design.2.
The notion of Semantic Net and Mental Lexicon3.
WordNet as an electronic conceptual thesaurus: structure, synsets, extensions 4.
ConceptNet 5.
FrameNet Lexical databases Electronic dictionaries (MRD) Electronic thesauri WordNet VerbNet Dante ConceptNet FrameNet MRDs Machine-readable dictionary (MRD ) is a dictionary stored as machine (computer) data instead of being printed on paper: the Merriam-Webster Seventh Collegiate (W7) the Merriam-Webster New Pocket Dictionary (MPD) Creating one’s own corpus The simplest way to determine the size of the corpus is to use Microsoft Word Editor , which yields the number of words in a text.
Another way to establish the size of the corpus and its frequency list is to use Web Frequency Indexer (University of Georgetown): www.georgetown.edu/faculty/ballc/webtools/web_freqs.html#doit.
Other freeware: Frequency: http://www.vuw.ac.ac.nz/lals/staff/paul-nation/nation.aspx Simple Concordance Program: http://textworld.com/scp/ AntConc: http://www.antlab.sci.waseda.ac.jp/ All these programs are user-friendly.
Other tools Commercial programs: Wordsmith Tools MonoConc To compare the frequencies in two or more corpora use the program Range by Paul Notion http://www.vuw.ac.ac.nz/lals/staff/paul-nation/nation.aspx To compare the frequencies in the small corpus and the BNC use the site: Word Frequencies in Written and Spoken English: based on the BNC (http://www.comp.lancs.ac.uk/ucrel/bncfreq/ Internet concordance tools WebCorp http://www.webcorp.org.uk/index.html WebConc http://www.niederlandistik.fu- berlin.de/cgi-bin/web- conc.cgi&sprache=en&art=google.
Lexware Culler http://82.182.103.45/lexware/concord/culler.html.
KwicFinder http://www.kwicfinder.com/KWiCFinder.html Glossanet http://glossa.fltr.ucl.ac.be/ Thesauri Think Map Visualthesaurus http://visualthesaurus.com/ WordNet 2.1 Vocabulary Helper http://poets/notredame.ac.jp/cgi-bin/wn WordNet WordNet is a large lexical database of English, en electronic thesaurus, developed under the direction of George A.
Miller [].
Its design is inspired by current psycholinguistic and computational theories of human lexical memory.
Nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs are grouped into sets of cognitive synonyms (synsets), each expressing a distinct concept.
Synsets are interlinked by means of conceptual- semantic and lexical relations.
The resulting network of meaningfully related words and concepts can be navigated with the browser .
WordNet is organized by the concept of synonym sets (synsets), groups of words that are roughly synonymous in a given context.
The glossary definition and the example sentences are shared among all synonyms in a given synset.
WordNet WordNet was created at the Cognitive Science Laboratory of Princeton Universirty under the direction of psychology professor George A.
Miller .
received funding from Development began in 1985.
As of 2009, the WordNet team included the following members of the Cognitive Science Laboratory: George Armitage Miller, Christiane Fellbaum , Randee Tengi, Pamela Wakefield, Helen Langone and Benjamin R.
Haskell.
As of November 2012 WordNet's latest Online-version is 3.1 but latest released version is 3.0 (released on December 2006) The 3.0 database contains 155,287 words organized in 117,659 synsets for a total of 206,941 word-sense pairs Most synonym sets are connected to other synsets via a number of semantic relations.
These relations vary based on the type of word, and include Nouns hypernyms:Y is a hypernym ofX if everyX is a (kind of)Y ( canine is a hypernym ofdog) hyponyms:Y is a hyponym ofX if everyY is a (kind of)X (dog is a hyponym of canine) coordinate terms:Y is a coordinate term ofX ifX andY share a hypernym ( wolf is a coordinate termofdog , anddog is a coordinate term of wolf) meronym:Y is a meronym ofX ifY is a part ofX ( window is a meronym of building) holonym:Y is a holonym ofX ifX is a part ofY ( building is a holonym of window) Verbs hypernym : the verbY is a hypernym of the verbX if the activityX is a (kind of)Y ( to perceive is an hypernym of to listen) troponym : the verbY is a troponym of the verbX if the activityY is doingX in some manner ( to lisp is a troponym of to talk) entailment : the verbY is entailed byX if by doingX you must be doingY ( to sleep is entailed byto snore) coordinate terms : those verbs sharing a common hypernym ( to lisp and to yell) Adjectives related nouns similar to participle of verb Adverbs root adjectives WordNet 3.0 Vocabulary Helper: know Contents Overview of noun know Overview of verb know Synonyms/Hypernyms (Ordered by Estimated Frequency) of noun know Coordinate Terms (sisters) of noun know Antonyms of verb know Troponyms (hyponyms) of verb know Synonyms/Hypernyms (Ordered by Estimated Frequency) of verb know Derived Forms of verb know Sample Sentences of verb know Coordinate Terms (sisters) of verb know WordNet Search - 3.1 Noun S: (n) know (the fact of being aware of information that is known to few people) "he is always in the know" Verb S: (v) know, cognize, cognise (be cognizant or aware of a fact or a specific piece of information;
possess knowledge or information about) "I know that the President lied to the people";
"I want to know who is winning the game!";
"I know it's time" S: (v) know (know how to do or perform something) "She knows how to knit";
"Does your husband know how to cook?" S: (v) know (be aware of the truth of something;
have a belief or faith in something;
regard as true beyond any doubt) "I know that I left the key on the table";
"Galileo knew that the earth moves around the sun" S: (v) know (be familiar or acquainted with a person or an object) "She doesn't know this composer";
"Do you know my sister?";
"We know this movie";
"I know him under a different name";
"This flower is known as a Peruvian Lily" S: (v) know, experience, live (have firsthand knowledge of states, situations, emotions, or sensations)"I know the feeling!";
"have you ever known hunger?";
"I have lived a kind of hell when I was a drug addict";
"The holocaust survivors have lived a nightmare";
"I lived through two divorces" S: (v) acknowledge, recognize, recognise, know (accept (someone) to be what is claimed or accept his power and authority) "The Crown Prince was acknowledged as the true heir to the throne";
"We do not recognize your gods" S: (v) know (have fixed in the mind) "I know Latin";
"This student knows her irregular verbs";
"Do you know the poem well enough to recite it?" S: (v) sleep together, rollinthehay, love, makeout, make love, sleep with,get laid, havesex, know,doit,be intimate, have intercourse, haveit away, haveitoff, screw, fuck, jazz,eff, hump,lie with,bed, have agoatit, bang,getiton, bonk (have sexual intercourse with) "This student sleeps with everyone in her dorm";
"Adam knew Eve";
"Were you ever intimate with this man?" S: (v) know (know the nature or character of) "we all knew her as a big show-off" S: (v) know (be able to distinguish, recognize as being different) "The child knows right from wrong" S: (v) know (perceive as familiar) "I know this voice!" ConceptNet ConceptNet is a multilingual semantic network containing lots of things computers should know about the world, especially when understanding text written by people.
It is built from nodes representing concepts , in the form of words or short phrases of natural language, and labeled relationships between them.
Concept PRIVACY person Desires privacy people often want privacy shower door UsedFor privacy a shower door is used for privacy cubicle UsedFor privacy a cubicle is used for privacy dress room UsedFor privacy a dressing room is for privacy bosomIsA privacy privacyIsA isolation view film at home MotivatedByGoal privacy You would view a filmat home because you want privacy hideIsA privacy confidentialityIsA privacy back yard UsedFor privacy a back yard is for privacy curtain UsedFor privacy a curtain is for privacy secret DerivedFrom privacy FrameNet The FrameNet project is building a lexical database of English that is both human- and machine-readable, based on annotating examples of how words are used in actual texts.
From the student's point of view, it is a dictionary of more than 10,000 word senses, most of them with annotated examples that show the meaning and usage.
For the researcher in Natural Language Processing, the more than 170,000 manually annotated sentences provide a unique training dataset for semantic role labeling, used in applications such as information extraction, machine translation, event recognition, sentiment analysis, etc.
The project has been in operation atthe International Computer Science Institute in Berkeley since 1997, supported primarily by the National Science Foundation..
FrameNet is based on a theory of meaning called Frame Semantics , deriving from the work of Charles J.
Fillmore.
that the meanings of most words can best be understood on the basis of a semantic frame: a description of a type of event, relation, or entity and the participants in it.
Frame “ Awareness” Definition: A Cognizer has a piece of Content in their model of the world.
The Content is not necessarily present due to immediate perception, but usually, rather, due to deduction from perceivables.
In some cases, the deduction of the Content is implicitly based on confidence in sources of information (believe), in some cases based on logic (think), and in other cases the source of the deduction is deprofiled (know).
Your boss is aware of your commitment.
ConclusionT he purpose of lexical databases is to register and document a range of vocabulary, to serve as an inventory for a language and its dialects, as a source for learning or teaching sign language, as a reference base for analyzing and