Urban Operations: Company Offensive Operations

1. Urban Operations: Company Offensive Operations

February 2006
FM 3-06.11, 2003 (Ch 2,4,7)

2. Outline

• Mechanized Infantry and Armor
Capabilities/Limitations
• Planning Considerations for Urban
Operations
• Offensive Operations/ Techniques
• BOS Considerations
• Lessons Learned
• Questions

3. Urban Operations Defined

Urban Operations (UO) are operations planned
and conducted in an area of operations (AO)
that includes one or more urban areas. An
urban area consists of a topographical complex
where man-made construction or high
population density is the dominant feature.
FM 3-06.11, p 1-1

4. Urban Operations

• Objective lays within an urban area and cannot be bypassed.
• The urban area is key terrain.
• Urban area is between two natural obstacles and cannot be
bypassed.
• Urban area is in the path of a general advance and cannot be
surrounded or bypassed.
• Political or humanitarian concerns.
• Defending from urban areas.
• Occupation, seizure, and control of the urban area will deny the
threat control of the urban area
FM 3-06.11, p 1-1

5. UO Across the Full Spectrum

FM 3-06.11, p 1-4

6. UO Across the Full Spectrum

FM 3-06.11, p 1-5

7. 10 Fundamentals of UO

• Perform Focused
Information Operations
and Aggressive ISR
• Conduct Close Combat
• Avoid the Attrition
Approach
• Control the Essential
• Minimize Collateral
Damage
• Separate Combatants
from Noncombatants
• Restore Essential
Services
• Preserve Critical
Infrastructure
• Understand the Human
Dimension
• Transition Control
FM 3-06.11, p 1-9 thru 1-12

8. 14 Characteristics of UO

Changing Conditions
Small-Unit Battles
Communications
Noncombatants
High Expenditure of
Ammunition
• Increased Casualties
• Limited Mounted
Maneuver Space
• Three-Dimensional
Terrain
• Collateral Damage
• Reliance on HUMINT
• Need for Combined Arms
• Need to Isolate Critical
Points
• Snipers
• Support by Fire Positions
FM 3-06.11, p 1-12 thru 1-15

9. Urban Battlespace

• Airspace
– Rapid Air Avenues Ofapproach
– Obstacles = Poles, Wires, Etc
• Supersurface
– Rooftop, No Cover
• Intrasurface
– Ground To Top Floor
– Interior Of Buildings
• Surface
– Ground, Street, Or Water Level
• Subsurface
– Underwater
– Subterranean
FM 3-06.11, p 1-15 thru 1-16

10.

Planning Considerations
Task Organization
Number of INF to secure vehicles
Fire Control planning is extensive
Fire Control measures are very restrictive
Fighting is in close proximity
Limited visibility
Extreme physical and psychological effects
ROE and Non-Combatants
Training level in Urban Terrain
Arming distance of explosive munitions
Penetration (Depth)
Hard surfaces increase ricochets
Fused munitions settings
Target range & exposure time
Backblast, concussion, SDZ.
Collateral damage/rubble/possible hazards
Building Structure
Common Language (SOPs)

11.

Planning Considerations
The overpressure from the tank's 120mm cannon can kill a
dismounted soldier within a 90-degree arc extending from
the muzzle of the gun tube out to 200 meters.

12.

Planning Considerations
High-explosive 25-mm rounds arm 10 meters from the gun &
explode on contact.
APDS rounds discard their plastic sabots to the front of the gun
when fired. This requires a 100-meter safety fan (17 degrees either
side of the gun-target line for 100meters) to the front of 25-mm gun.
This means that exposed soldiers cannot go any further forward
than the end of the 25mm muzzle or must be a minimum of 100
meters from the muzzle blast.

13.

Planning Considerations
FIRE CONTROL:
Use simple, clearly understood graphic control measures such as:
-Phase lines.
-Number and lettering systems for
buildings.
-Tentative support by fire positions.
-No fire areas.

14.

Planning Considerations
Common Language

15. Five Categories of Built up Areas

• VILLAGE – POPULATION = 3000 OR LESS
COMPANIES AND BATALIONS OPERATE HERE AS
PART OF A BRIGADE OPERATION
• TOWN – POPULATION = 3000 TO 100K
BRIGADES OPERATE HERE AS PART OF
DIVISION OPERATIONS
• CITY - POPULATION = 100K TO 1 MILLION
• METROPOLIS - POPULATION = 1-10 MILLION
• MEGALOPOLIS – POPULATION = 10 MILLION +
FM 3-06.11, p 1-2

16. Seven Urban Zones

• City Core
• Core Periphery
– Dense Random Construction
– Close Orderly Construction
• Dispersed Residential Area
• High Rise Area
• Industrial/Transportation Area
• Permanent/Fixed Fortifications
• Shantytowns
FM 3-06.11, p 2-3 thru 2-7

17.

See the Terrain

18.

Building Construction
MASS CONSTRUCTION
- Built in place using brick, block,
or poured -in- place concrete
- Walls can be prefabricated and
“tilt-up” or reinforced-concrete
panels
- Can be prefabricated and
assembled like boxes
FRAMED CONSTRUCTION
- Supported by a skeleton of
columns and beams
- Usually taller than frameless
buildings
- - Exterior walls are not load
bearing
FM 3-06.11, p 2-15 thru 2-30

19.

Principles of Mass Construction
• Exterior walls support the weight of the building
• Additional support comes from load bearing interior walls
BETTER PROTECTION THAN A FRAMED BUILDING
HARDER TO SUPPRESS FROM THE OUTSIDE
FM 3-06.11, p 2-15 thru 2-30

20.

Types of Mass Construction
• BRICK BUILDINGS (Most Common)
• WAREHOUSE (Reinforced Concrete)
• BOX WALL PRINCIPLE (Hotels or Apartments)
• PUBLIC GATHERING PLACES (Churches and
Theaters)
FM 3-06.11, p 2-15 thru 2-30

21.

Principles of Framed Construction
• Supported By A Skeleton Of
Columns And Beams
• Usually Taller Than Mass
Constructed Buildings
Provides less protection than mass construction
Easier to suppress from the outside
FM 3-06.11, p 2-15 thru 2-30

22.

Types of Framed Construction
HEAVY CLAD
LIGHT CLAD
GARAGE
FM 3-06.11, p 2-15 thru 2-30

23.

Special Terrain Considerations
• Military vs. City Maps
• Key and Decisive Terrain
• Confined Spaces
• Avenues of Approach
• Rubbling Effects
FM 3-06.11, p 2-9 thru 2-12

24.

Special Weather Considerations
• Rain and Melting Snow
• Fog
• Air Inversion
• Wind Chill
• Light Data
FM 3-06.11, p 2-12

25.

M1 Tank Capabilities
(1-2)
• Suppression: multiple machine guns, extremely high
basic loads (11,400 7.62 rds per tank)
• Unique main gun ammo capabilities (HEAT, MPAT,
SABOT, OR-MPAT)
• Non-standard ‘weapons capabilities’ (Smoke grenades,
tracks, exhaust, concussion)
• Protection from small arms fire for crew, serve as cover
for dismounts
• Creating openings in buildings and destroying bunkers
• Essentially unlimited ‘carry capacity’ compared to infantry
FM 3-06.11, Annex C

26.

M1 Tank Capabilities
(2-2)
• Cal. 50, cupola protection, Precision gunnery, Point
accuracy with high penetration capability
• Mounted communications platform with range much
greater than a dismount radio
• NBC and riot control agent protection
• Mobile protection for crossing danger areas
• Ditch-crossing and vertical obstacle crossing capability
FM 3-06.11, Annex C

27.

M1 Tank Limitations
(1-2)
• Vulnerable to top-down attack, & sniper fire – especially
hatches open
• Limited main gun depression & elevation creates
considerable deadspace
• Turret reaction time limits engagement opportunities
• Excessive dead space for observation & fires, limits local
security of vehicle/crew
• 50 Cal. Slow/Difficult to move, obstructed by other items on
turret
FM 3-06.11, Annex C

28.

M1 Tank Limitations
(2-2)
• Loader must expose to fire 240, TC must expose to fire
Cal. 50 on M1A2
• Turning Radius
• High logistic requirements, must leave urban environment to
conduct resupply
• Can crush supporting infantry – ‘ground guides in combat?’
• Difficulties with evacuation/recovery, disabled tank with crew or
casualties still on board
• Commo Between vehicles and dismounts limited
FM 3-06.11, Annex C

29.

Tank Considerations
Infantry is Required
Main Gun Creates fire ball and smoke
Main Gun Overpressure
Thermal Sights
Turret Mounted Grenade Launchers
Provides Mobile Cover to Infantry
Tanks May Come With Plows
FM 3-06.11, Annex C

30.

M2 Capabilities
• Suppressing & destroying enemy weapons &
personnel allowing infantry to maneuver
• 7.62mm [400/800 rds], 25mm HE, 25mm TPT, TOW
• Elevation of 25mm gun allows for suppression of rooftops and tall buildings (+60 of elevation, - 10 depression)
• Can move additional infantry and supplies forward (CASEVAC)
• Hunter/Killer capability with CIV (M2A3)
• Smoke – screen infantry movement / riot control
• Thermal sights (Gunner, BC and Driver)
FM 3-06.11, Annex C

31.

M2 Limitations
• When buttoned up, visibility limited by scanning techniques
• Highly susceptible to Rocket Propelled Grenade, AT Guided
Missile, & heavy machinegun fire (Without Reactive Armor)
• Variety of difficulties in water crossing operations, including
the requirement for either adequate fording sites or a bridge
with sufficient weight classification.
• Logistics – lower quantity of 7.62mm than M1
• Can crush Infantry – SA near vehicle
• Difficulties with evacuation and recovery
FM 3-06.11, Annex C

32. Tank/BFV Limitations

Vehicle Dead
Space
FM 3-06.11, Annex C

33. M1/M2 Employment

Destroys Enemy Positions
Suppress Enemy Positions
Isolate Objectives
Breach Walls
High Angle Fires
Establish Roadblocks
Obscure Enemy’s Vision
Evacuate Casualties
FM 3-06.11, Annex C

34. Infantry Capabilities

• Enter and clear subterranean areas, buildings and
streets
• Provide security for armored vehicles
• Provide limited breach capability
• Cover dismounted avenues of approach
• Eliminate resistance within a building without causing
significant damage to the structure
• Move with more stealth / conduct close tactical
reconnaissance
FM 3-06.11, Annex C

35.

Infantry Limitations
• Lack heavy supporting firepower, protection, and
long-range mobility.
• Are subject to taking a high number of casualties
between buildings.
• Are more subject to fratricide-related casualties from
friendly direct and indirect fire.
• The pace of dismounted offensive operations is
limited to the foot speed of the dismounted
infantryman.
FM 3-06.11, Annex C

36. Three Conditions of UO

• SURGICAL
• PRECISION
• HIGH INTENSITY

37. Reasons To Attack Or Not Attack A Built Up Area

ATTACK
DON’T ATTACK
• CAN NOT BYPASS
• KEY LOCS
• POLITICAL
IMPORTANCE
• CAN BYPASS
• DO NOT HAVE
ENOUGH COMBAT
POWER
• OPEN CITY
FM 3-06.11, p 4-1

38. Characteristics Of Offensive Ops In UO

Large Number of Troops Required to:
Clear and Secure Objectives
Relieve Fatigued Soldiers on Clearing
Teams
Control and Protect Civilians
Replace and Evacuate Casualties
FM 3-06.11, p 4-2

39. Mission Analysis

• What is my commander’s intent?
• Seize vs. Clear?
• Must I clear every building?
• Is my mission terrain or enemy
oriented?
• Limitations/Constraints
• M-TETT-C

40. Phases of a Deliberate Urban Attack

Phase 1. Reconnoiter the Objective
Phase 2. Move to the Objective
Phase 3. Isolate the Objective
Phase 4. Secure a Foothold
Phase 5. Clear the Objective
Phase 6. Consolidate/Reorganize
Phase 7. Prepare for Future Missions
FM 3-06.11, p 4-31

41. Company Organization for the Attack

• ASSAULT
• SUPPORT
• RESERVE (if designated, it may do the
following:)
– Assume the Msn of the Assault Element
– Clearing bypassed enemy positions
– Facilitate continued movement of the assault element
FM 3-06.11, p 4-42

42. Company Offensive Operations

Deliberate attack
Isolate an urban objective
Assault a building
Attack a block or group of buildings
MTC/recon
Seizure of urban key terrain
– Seize a bridge
– Seize a traffic circle
FM 3-06.11, p 4-44 thru 4-56

43. Clearance Methods

SYSTEMATIC
Room to room clearing
Heavy resistance
Attack on a narrow front
Slow process
SELECTIVE
• Mission does not require
all buildings cleared
• Objective must be seized
quickly
• Light/fragmented
resistance
• Large open areas
between buildings

44.

Offensive Operations
Armor can support Infantry by:
• Providing shock action and firepower
• Isolating objectives with direct fire to prevent enemy withdrawal,
reinforcement, or counterattack.
• Neutralizing or suppressing enemy positions with smoke, high explosive
(HE), & automatic weapons fire as infantry closes with and destroys the
enemy
• Assisting opposed entry of infantry into buildings when doorways are
blocked by debris, obstacles, or enemy fire.
• Smashing through street barricades or reducing barricades by fire.
Obscuring enemy observation using on-board smoke generators.
FM 3-06.11, Annex C-4

45.

Offensive Operations
Armor can support Infantry by: (CONT)
• Holding cleared portions of the objective by covering avenues
of approach.
• Attacking by fire any other targets designated by the infantry.
• Establishing roadblocks.
• Suppressing identified sniper positions.
FM 3-06.11, Annex C-4

46. Offensive Operations

Infantry can support Armor by:
• Providing local security during movement in restrictive areas
• Clear terrain inaccessible by Armor vehicles
• Observe danger areas / call forward for attack
• Destroy enemy antitank weapon systems
• Augment traffic control points/Checkpoints
• Infiltrate and secure ABF/SBF positions prior to Armor occupation
• Conduct Reconnaissance
• Handling EPWs

47. Offensive Techniques

Move tanks forward to support infantry movement. Position the tanks
before the infantry begins moving, whether the tanks are supporting by
fire, being used as shields, or both.
What is
wrong with
this
picture?
FM 3-06.11, Annex C

48. Offensive Techniques

Tanks need infantry support when the two elements are working together.
Do not leave tanks alone because they are not prepared to provide local
security during the operation. Tanks are extremely vulnerable to
dismounted attack when operating on urban terrain.
Main Gun
or COAX?

49. Offensive Techniques

Infantry Fire Team providing Security for 1x BFV
Team Ldr Rear
TeamLdr
Right
Right
Front
Front
Right
Front
Team Ldr
Left Front
Left Front
Front
Left Flank
Flank
Left Flank
Rear
Rear

50. Offensive Techniques

1) If using tanks to shield squads and
teams from building to building as part
of the maneuver plan, the leader of the
forward element needs to control the
tanks.
2) When using tanks as a shield for
infantry, move the tanks as close as
possible to the start point to allow the
infantry the freedom of movement
when exiting the building.
3) Tanks need to move at the infantry’s rate
of movement.
4) When the distance between buildings
is short, tanks can position themselves
to block the open area from enemy fire.
FM 3-06.11, Annex C

51. Offensive Techniques

FM 3-06.11, Annex C

52. Offensive Techniques

Armor vehicle Isolation of OBJ areas
FM 3-06.11, Annex C

53. Offensive Operations

Armor Attacks
Armor
Attacks
over/
over open
area
open area /
maximize
maximize standoff
standoff
capability
capability
All elements are Company Teams!!!
Offensive Operations
Tanks in SBF
Assault
Element
Infantry
Attacks Dense
Urban Area
Assault
Element

54.

Supporting Fire REDs
• As a reminder, the M203 has a maximum effective range for
point targets of 150 meters. The maximum effective range for area
targets is 350 meters.
• The M203 High-explosive dual purpose (HEDP) round will
penetrates at least 5 cm (2 inches) when fired straight at steel
armor. In MOUT, it will penetrate 20 inches of sand bags (double
layer), 16 inches of cinder- block, and 12 inch pine logs.
• Both the M203 HEPD and HE rds arm between 14 and 38
meters, and cause casualties within a 5-meter radius.
• The M203 Smoke/ground marking round arms between 15 and
45 meters.
(OBTW: The MK19 has a max range of 2212m and a max
effective range of 1500m. It arms between 18 to 30 meters and
has a casualty producing radius of 15 meters).

55. Maneuver

• Objectives and Numbering System
• Bypassing of Buildings Increases Risk
• Use of Control Measures
• Attack Frontage
• Attack When Visibility is Poor
• Attack Formations
• Use of Reserves
• Reconnaissance

56. Maneuver

Tanks, BFVs, & Howitzers in the Direct Fire Role:
Support by fire as infantry seize a foothold
CDRs must take advantage of main armament’s long
range
Infantry protects vehicles flanks
Effects of Tank, BFVs, and Howitzers main gun
Armored vehicle vulnerabilities
Fire control measures (target designation and friendly
identification)

57.

Fire Support
The Fire Support Plan:
• Effects of Artillery and Air Bombardment
• Fuse and Shell Combo Considerations
• Mortars are the most responsive IDF asset
• Direct Fire: Tanks, BFVs and Howitzers
• FASCAM
• Copperhead
• Disadvantages
• Employment Considerations

58. FS - Additional Considerations

•Artillery and Mortar DEAD SPACE
–Artillery, Low Angle (5 times the height of the
building)
–Mortar (1/2 times the height of the building)
•Visual Description
Artillery
X
Mortar
Target
½X
5X

59. Mobility, Countermobility Survivability

Tasks Attached Engineers are given can
include:
Breach walls and obstacles with prepared
demolitions
Finding and clearing mines
Clearing barricades and rubble
Cratering roads

60. Intelligence

• Elevated Railways
• Gas/Electric/Telephone Lines
• Power Stations
• Water Plants
• Hospitals
• Communication Sites
• Fire Departments
• Construction Sites
• Heavy Equipment Manufacturers

61. Logistics

• Logistical Considerations
• Supply Requirements
• Special Equipment
• Resupply Techniques
• Medical

62. Command and Control

• Control Measures
• Leader and HQs locations
• Control techniques
• Communications
• SOPs/Drills
FM 3-06.11, p 4-11

63.

PL DOG
A
1
1
1
2
1
- One Story
- Two Story
- Three Story
2
B
3
4
C
3
i
D
3
4
2
F
l
t
i
E
1
1
5
6

64.

TOP VIEW
VIEW from EAST
(3 floors)
Green
1
N
3
2
1
C
3
2
1
B
1
A
1
1
Blue
Entry Points
Building # 5
Red
2
3
3
2
Black
“ Sniper - Location Building 5, Red 3”
“Sniper, Location - Building #5, Red,
Bravo, 3.”

65. Time

• Tempo
• Time/space relationships
• More time for rehearsals
• Exercising Combat Patience
FM 3-06.11, 4-10

66. Lessons Learned

• Soldiers must understand their
weapons
• UO live fire training is critical
• ROE must be considered during the
estimate
• Employment of Snipers
• Manpower requirements

67. Threat Tactics in UO

• Varied use of conventional and
unconventional forces
• No single threat doctrine will be
employed
• Increased use of snipers
• Current threat techniques in UO

68.

Fratricide Prevention
• TTPs
• Planning
• Execution
• Rehearsals And Training

69. Current threat techniques in UO

Use the population to advantage
Win the information war
Manipulate Key Facilities
Use all dimensions
Employ urban-oriented weapons
Engage the entire force
Focus attacks on CSS and unprotected
soldiers

70. Questions ?

71. Task Force Urban Offensive Operations

February 2006
FM 3-06.11, 2003 (Ch 2,4,7)

72.

ELEMENTS OF BDE
OFFENSIVE UO
X
BN TF & BELOW PERFORM
THESE TASKS
II
I
ASSESS
RECONS OBJECTIVE
SHAPE
MOVES TO OBJECTIVE…ISOLATES
DOMINATE
ISOLATES/SECURES FOOTHOLD/
CLEARS
TRANSITION
CONSOLIDATES/REORGANIZES
PREPS FOR FUTURE MSNS
BRIGADE MINIMIZES STREET-TO-STREET AND BUILDING-TO-BUILDING
FIGHTING, ISOLATES ENEMY, STRIKES KEY TARGETS

73.

Maturing Urban Operations
Doctrine
PANAMA CITY-MOGADISHU-SARAJEVO-GROZNY
1979
“…Built-up areas are
isolated and bypassed…”
2003
1990
FM 3-06.11 MOUT
• ASSESS…
Determine effects.
• SHAPE… Set conditions…
Supporting efforts…
Media… Info Ops.
• DOMINATE… Simultaneous
and Sequential operations.
• TRANSITION… Control to
Non-military agencies.
“…Army forces will likely be required
to conduct operations in and around
large urban areas…”
FM 3-06 Urban Operations

74.

Fundamentals
• Focused Information Operations
• Aggressive Reconnaissance
• Understand the Human Dimension
• Avoid Attrition Approach
• Prepare for Close Combat
• Control the Essential
• Minimize Collateral Damage
• Separate Combatants/Non-Combatants
• Preserve Critical Infrastructure
• Restore Essential Services
• Transition Control

75.

Assess Through…
• Intelligence preparation of
the battlefield… Difficult at best…
Must be HUMINT focused.
• Analysis of events and results
of previous operations.
• Use of brigade recon elements.
• Integration of Division sensors.
• Use of National Intelligence
sources.
• Information operations

76.

Shape Through...
• Physical isolation using:
-- Sensors and recon units
-- Lethal and non-lethal effects
-- Precision indirect & aerial fires
-- Maneuver forces & direct fires
-- Special Operations Forces
-- Combination of above
• Psychological isolation using:
-- PSYOP units
-- Civil Affairs units
-- Coalition forces
-- Media…Information Operations

77.

Dominate Through...
• Use of combined arms.
• Synchronization of precision
fires to include lethal and
non-lethal effects.
• Isolation of decisive points.
• Use of superior combat
power to destroy high pay
off targets.
• Use of close combat when
necessary against decisive pts.

78. The Offense

CHARACTERISTICS OF THE OFFENSE:
Surprise
Concentration
Tempo
Audacity
FORMS OF MANEUVER:
Envelopment
Turning Movement
Infiltration
Penetration
Frontal Attack
TYPES OF OFFENSIVE OPERATIONS:
Movement to Contact
Attack
Exploitation
Pursuit
FM 3-0, p 7-4 thru 7-22

79. UO Applicable Techniques

TYPES OF UO OFFENSIVE OPERATIONS:
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
Movement to Contact, Search and Attack
Attack on a Single Axis
Attack on Multiple Axes
Cordon and Attack
Fix and Bypass
Multiple Nodal Attacks
FM 3-06.11, p 4-21 thru 4-29

80. Search & Attack

Search & Attack

81. Attack on a Single Access

82. Attack on Multiple Axes

83.

Cordon & Attack

84.

Fix & Bypass

85.

Multiple Nodal Attacks
II
(-)
TRANSPORTATION CENTER
INDUSTRIAL COMPLEX
II
(-)
I
OBJ
D
BRIDGE
OBJ
C
OBJ
B
OBJ
E
I
GOVERNMENT CENTER
RADIO AND TV STATION
OBJ
A
II
BRIDGE
V
AIRFIELD

86.

OPERATION JUST CAUSE
ASSESS, SHAPE, DOMINATE, TRANSITION
COCO SOLO NAV AIR STA
COLON
XX
7
FT CIMARRON
PACORA RIV BRIDGE
FT ESCOBAR
XX
MADDEN DAM
82 (-)
GATUN LOCKS
CERRO TIGRE
XX
82 (-)
XX
82 (-)
II
II
XX
75(+) RGR
4-6
82 (-)
III
7(-) SF
GAMBOA
EL RENACER PRISON
I I I TOCUMEN
75(-) RGR TORRIJOS
PEDRO MIGUEL
II
MIRAFLORES LOCKS USMC
ARRAIJAN TANK FARM
RIO HATO
X
193 (-)
COMANDANCIA

87.

Transition
• From offensive/defensive operations to
stability/support operations or vice versa.
• Return urban area to civilian control with
combat, combat support, combat service
support as required.
• From being a “supported”
force to a “supporting”
force providing security
for non-governmental
organizations.

88.

Steps of a TF UO Attack
TYPES OF ATTACKS:
a. Hasty
b. Deliberate
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Reconnoiter the Objective
Move to the Objective
Isolate the Objective
Secure a Foothold
Clear the Objective
Consolidate & Reorganize and Prepare for Future
Missions
FM 3-90.2, p. 7-23 thru 7-27

89.

Summary
• Likelihood of conducting UO is greater today
than in the past.
• UO are complicated, full spectrum OPs with
transitions.
• US must leverage doctrine & new technologies..
non-lethal…digitization…sensors
• Urban combat will continue
to be a close, tough fight.
• Demands combined arms teams.
• Tactical situations can have
strategic implications.
• Significant, focused training
required.

90.

Questions ?