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Adjective and adverb
1.
Lecture 15-16ADJECTIVE
and ADVERB
2.
b) the categoryof comparison
of adverbs
3.
on the basis of theirfunction:
1) evaluative adverbs
2) specificative adverbs
4.
In evaluative function adverbsdistinguish the category of
comparison
five morphological forms:
one positive,
two comparative (direct and reverse)
two superlative (direct and reverse),
e.g.: bitterly – more bitterly, less bitterly –
most bitterly, least bitterly.
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Synthetic andanalitical forms are in
complimentary
distribution to each
other.
6.
The superlative degree form canbe used
• in the absolute sense = absolute
superiority
• in the elative sense = a high
degree of the property,
e.g.: The youngest kid cried most bitterly
of all. – The kid cried most bitterly.
7.
When used in thespecificative function,
adverbs are
unchangeable
e.g.: We meet today;
We came ashore.
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c) Semanticsubdivisions
of adverbs
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on the basis of their semanticvalue:
- genuine, or notional
(nominal) adverbs of full
semantic value
- semi-functional (pronominal)
adverbs of partial semantic
value.
10.
on the basis of their generalsemantics:
1)
the qualitative adverbs
- denote the inherent qualities of
actions and other qualities;
- derived
from
qualitative
adjectives,
e.g.: bitterly, hard, beautifully,
well, etc.
11.
They includegenuine qualitative
adverbs, e.g.: bitterly, hard,
beautifully, well, etc.
semi-functional words of
degree, quality evaluators:
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- adverbs of high degree(intensifiers),
e.g.: very, greatly, absolutely,
pretty;
- adverbs of excessive degree,
e.g.: too, awfully, tremendously;
- adverbs of unexpected degree,
e.g.: surprisingly, astonishingly;
- adverbs of moderate degree,
e.g.: fairly, relatively, rather.
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2) the quantitative adverbsshow quantity measure;
derived from numerals,
e.g.: twice, three times, tenfold,
manifold, etc.
They belong to the group of
semi-functional adverbs.
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3) the circumstantial adverbsdenote mainly the
circumstances of time and
place
e.g.: today, here, when, far,
ashore, abroad, often, etc.
15.
Circumstantial adverbs can benotional and functional.
1) Notional (genuine) circumstantial
adverbs denote
time and frequency
e.g.: tomorrow, never, recently, late;
space and direction orientation, e.g.:
homeward, ashore, outside, far.
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2) functional circumstantialadverbs
pronominal adverbs of time,
place, manner, cause,
consequence,
e.g.: here, when, where, so, thus,
nevertheless, otherwise, etc.
17.
They substitute notional adverbsor other words used in the function
of adverbial modifiers in a
sentence,
cf.: He stayed at school. – He stayed
there;
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adverbsnominal
qualitative
pronominal
orientative
genuine degree
qualitative adverbs
adverbs
temporal
adverbs
local
adverbs