Slide Deck For Goat Milk Lecture 2026

1.

Slide Deck For Goat
Milk Lecture

2. Uniqueness of Goat milk Proteins in Human Nutrition

• Beta-casein is the most abundant protein in
goat and human milks, while αs1 is the major
protein in cow milk.
• Levels of αs-casein are minimal in human milk
• Peptides formed from goat milk casein by
proteases had a much less bitter taste than
those from cow milk casein
A Major
Protein
in Cow
Milk
More
abundant
in Goat
and
Human
Milk

3.

4. Comparison of concentrations of protein moieties among goat, cow and human milks

Casein profile with
lower αs1 and higher
β-casein leading to better
digestibility

5. αS1 casein

IT WAS SHOWN THAT ABOUT 60% OF
ALLERGIC REACTIONS IN HUMANS ARE
CAUSED BY THE PRINCIPAL MILK PROTEIN
CASEIN AND LACTOGLOBULIN.
THE MOST ALLERGENIC IS THE CASEIN
FRACTION
ALPHA S1, THE CONTENT OF
WHICH IN GOAT MILK IS VERY SMALL
UNLIKE IN COW MILK, IN WHICH IT
FORMS ABOUT 33% OF ALL CASEINS.
100 G OF TOTAL CASEIN CONTAINS 5.6 G
OF THE ALPHA S1 FRACTION IN GOAT
MILK COMPARED TO 38 G IN COW MILK.

6. Uniqueness of Goat milk Proteins in Human Nutrition

• lower contents of αs1-casein in
goat milk vs Cow milk
• softer, more friable curd when
acidified
• friable curds of goat milk are
attacked more rapidly by
stomach proteases.
• digested more readily and amino
acids absorbed more efficiently

7.

8.

DIAAS (Digestible Indispensable Amino Acid
Score) was ideal for all 3 milks.
However, it is clear that the kinetics of
digestion of Goat milk is more similar to that
of Human milk

9.

10.

11.

83%
23%
After treatment with both HGJ and HDJ, image analysis of the
gel showed that only small amounts (approximately 23%) of
the goat Protein remained undigested, while the amount of
intact bovine Protein was about 83%.
Goat Protein was degraded faster due to its tertiary structure,
and surface hydrophobicity, being different from those of
bovine protein

12.

Goat milk was digested significantly faster than bovine milk.
The reason for this may probably be due to the more resistant
protein in bovine milk.
Milk with a high level of αS1 casein might take a longer time to
be degraded than milk lacking the protein

13. Beta casein is more abundant in Goat milk and Human milk

• Cow milk contains both A1 and A2 Beta Casein
whereas Goat and Human milk is mainly A2 beta
Casein which plays a very important in
improving digestion
More
abundant
in Goat
and
Human
Milk

14.

Specific sites of protein breakdown and resulting
metabolites significantly influence gut health and
function1-4
In the Gut, the strong Proline bond on position 67
of the A2 Beta Casein will prevent the A2 beta
casein to break and form the BCM 7 molecule
which was proven to cause various GI problems
References: 1. Li X, et al. Trends Food Sci Tech. 2022;121:30–43. 2. Park YW. CAB Reviews.
2007;81(2):11-19. 3. Jung TH, et al. Korean J Food Sci Anim Resour. 2017:37(6):940-947. 4. Ho S, et al.

15. Smaller fat globules

Cow
Milk
Fat
Globule
4.5 μm
Goat
Milk Fat
Globule
Less
than 3.5
μm

16. Uniqueness of Goat Milk Fat in Human Nutrition

The smaller fat globule size of goat milk has better
digestibility compared with cow milk counterparts.
Smaller fat globules of goat milk would make a
better dispersion and more homogeneous mixture of
milk fat, and result in a greater surface area of
fat for enhanced digestive action by lipases

17.

Unique oil mix in goat milk supports digestion
and absorption
Unique oil mix in goat milk
Helps in easier absorption and better immunity,
and is closer to human milk1,2
sn-2 palmitic acid from goat milk
(35-40%) mimics human milk
triglyceride sn-2 position
(70%) which may help in
easier absorption1
MCFAs: Medium chain fatty acids; GIT: Gastrointestinal tract
MCFAs are readily released and
absorbed in GIT and promote
healthy gut development1,2

18.

Unique oil mix in goat milk supports digestion
and absorption
COW MILK
REGULAR FORMULA
BREAST MILK
GOAT FORMULA
FREE
PALMITATES
Ca-P Complex
HARD
STOOLS
SOFT
STOOLS
In human milk, palmitic acid is a major fatty acid, and about 70% of it is esterified at the sn-2 position. This positioning is
important because it helps in better fat absorption and reduces the formation of calcium soaps, which can cause stool hardening
and discomfort in infants

19. Uniqueness of Carbohydrates in Goat Milk for Human Nutrition

20. Uniqueness of Carbohydrates in Goat Milk for Human Nutrition

The level of
oligosaccharide
s in goat milk
is up to ten
times higher
than that of
cow milk, and
structurally it
closely
resembles that
of human milk.
Goat milk
oligosaccharide
s (GMO) have
functional
effects on
human
nutrition.
GMOs are
thought to be
beneficial for
the infant in
relation to
their prebiotic
and antiinfective
properties
GMOs reduce
intestinal
inflammation
and contribute
to the recovery
of damaged
colonic mucosa.
References: 1. Leong A, et al. Br J Nutr. 2019;122(4):441-449. 2. Van Leeuwen SS, et al. J Agric Food Chem.
2020;68(47):13469-13485. 3. Barnett AM, et al. Nutrients. 2016;8(5):267.

21.

Goat milk oligosaccharides (gMOS)
support gut health and immunity
Promote healthy
growth of gut bacteria
(Bifidobacterium and
Lactobacillus) and reduce
adhesion of E.coli.1
Reduce inflammation
and enhance intestinal
barrier function.2
HMOs: Human milk oligosaccharides
Some gMOS are
structurally similar to
human milk
oligosaccharides (HMOs).3
May offer similar protective
and developmental
effects to that of HMOs.3

22. Hypoallergenic and Therapeutic Values of Goat Milk in Human Nutrition and Health

Goat
milk
has
been
suggested
as
a
substitute for infants
or patients who suffer
from intolerance against
cow milk or other food
sources .
It
is
reported
that
around 40% of patients
allergic to cow milk
proteins tolerate goat
milk 1.

23. Goat milk contains less allergenic proteins

Compared to goat milk, cow milk
significantly increased markers of
inflammation including cytokine
interleukin-4 (IL-4) and antigenspecific immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1), key
markers in hypersensitivity reactions.
1. Lara-Villoslada F, et al. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2004 Oct;39(4):354

24.

serum levels of antigen-specific
immunoglobulin IgG1

25.

Score
of
the
hypersensitivity
symptoms.
Mice (n = 13 per group) were
challenged
intragastrically
with cow milk (CM groups) or
goat’s
milk
(GM
group).
Thirty to 40 minutes later,
the
symptoms
of
hypersensitivity were scored
blinded on a scale from 0
(no symptoms) to 6 (death)

26.

TNF-α is a primary mediator of adverse
reactions to cow milk protein including
gastrointestinal distress, respiratory and
cutaneous symptoms such as eczema
IL-10 which suppresses the formation of
pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α
and thus prevent reactions to antigens in
cow milk

27.

28.

29.

30. Safety Profile

31.

32.

33.

Concentrations of blood elements in the
plasma of infants fed GMF or CMF at 3
months: (A) male and (B) female.

34.

Nutrition can help shift to healthier gut patterns
Nutritional intervention like Goat milk and probiotics like
L.reuteri DSM17938 can:
Be useful in the management of key
FGIDs in infancy and childhood1,2
Help restore balance
in the gut microbiota and enhances
immunity
STRONG IMMUNITY
RELIEVED FGID AND
ALLERGIES
Early nutritional support can help creating a healthy microbiota in the gut today for a healthy tomorrow
1. Capozza M, et al. Front Pediatr 2022;10:805466. 2. Szajewska H, et al. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2023;76(2):232–247.

35. L. reuteri is found in Breastmilk

Overall, 15% of
mothers had
detectable L. reuteri
in their milk

36.

L. reuteri is a probiotic clinically
proven to support gut health , immunity
and allergy
References: 1. Sinkiewicz G, et al. Microb Ecol Health Dis. 2008;20:122-6. 2. Srinivasan R, et al. Pediatr Ther. 8:350. 3. Szajewska H, et al. J Pediatr. 2013 Feb;162(2):257-62. 4. Indrio F, et al. J Pediatr. 2008 Jun;152(6):801-6. 5. Romano C, et al. J Paediatr Child Health. 2014;50(10):E68-71. 6. Savino F, et al. Pediatrics. 2007;119(1):e124-e130.
7. Indrio F, et al. Eur J Clin Invest. 2011;41(4):417–422. 8. Gutierrez-Castrellon P, et al. Pediatrics. 2014 Apr;133(4):e904-9. 19. Xie Q, et al. Food & Function. 2025;16(8):3152–3165. 11. Forsberg A, et al. Clin Exp Allergy. 2013;43(4):434-42

37.

38.

Nutrition can help shift to healthier gut patterns
Nutritional intervention like Goat milk and probiotics like
L.reuteri DSM17938 can:
Be useful in the management of key
FGIDs in infancy and childhood1,2
Help restore balance
in the gut microbiota and enhances
immunity
STRONG IMMUNITY
RELIEVED FGID AND
ALLERGIES
Early nutritional support can help creating a healthy microbiota in the gut today for a healthy tomorrow
1. Capozza M, et al. Front Pediatr 2022;10:805466. 2. Szajewska H, et al. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2023;76(2):232–247.